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Epikardiales Mapping und Ablation bei ventrikulären Tachykardien

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Epicardial VT ablation

In whom, when, how and why?

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Zusammenfassung

Ventrikuläre Tachykardien sind eine der führenden Ursachen kardialer Mortalität und bleiben die Hauptursache des plötzlichen Herztodes. Implantierbare Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren (ICD) verbessern die Überlebensprognose, aber wiederholte Therapieabgaben (v. a. ICD-Shocks) führen zu einer erhöhten Mortalität sowie zu psychologischer Beeinträchtigung. In dieser Hinsicht und basierend auf Ergebnissen multizentrischer Studien empfehlen die aktuellen europäischen Leitlinien eine frühzeitige Katheterablation bei Patienten mit rezidivierenden, anhaltenden und therapiebedürftigen VT-Episoden bei ischämischer Kardiomyopathie. Die Ablationsstrategie (isoliert endokardial oder kombiniert epi-/endokardial) hängt von dem vorliegenden strukturellen myokardialen Erkrankung ab. Fast alle Patienten mit arrhythmogener Dysplasie des rechten Ventrikels, Patienten mit Morbus Chagas sowie über 40 % der Patienten mit nichtischämischer dilatativer Kardiomyopathie (NIDCM) und einige der Patienten mit ischämischer Kardiomyopathie (v. a. bei Z. n. Hinterwandinfarkt oder großen transmuralen Vorderwandinfarkten) weisen ein epikardiales Substrat auf. Bei dieser Patientengruppe kann die isolierte endokardiale Ablation mit einem erhöhten Rezidivrisiko assoziiert und somit eine epikardiale VT-Ablation notwendig sein. Die kardiale Bildgebung (Kardio-CT/MRT) kann zuverlässig die Narbenverteilung sowie die Eigenschaften der myokardialen Vernarbung einschließlich einer möglichen epikardialen Beteiligung darstellen und somit für die Planung der Ablationsstrategie hilfreich sein. Eine epikardiale VT-Ablation sollte in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen, da unter diesen Bedingungen die Ablation sicher und höchst effektiv durchgeführt werden kann.

Abstract

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a leading cause of cardiovascular death and remains the main cause of sudden cardiac death. Implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICD) improve survival but the recurrent ICD therapies, mostly ICD shocks, are associated with an increased mortality and deleterious psychological effects. In this regard and based on the results of multicenter studies, the current European guidelines recommend early referral for catheter ablation. The ablation strategy (isolated endocardial approach or combined epi-/endocardial) depends mostly on the underlying myocardial disease. Thus, almost all patients with right ventricular dysplasia and Chagas disease, the majority of those with dilative cardiomyopathy, and some patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (mostly posterior wall infarction or large transmural anterior wall infarction) have an epicardial scar as the underlying substrate for recurrent VT episodes. Thus, in this group of patients, isolated endocardial VT ablation may be associated with an increased VT recurrence and therefore an epicardial approach is also needed. Cardiac imaging (cardio-CT/MRI with late enhancement[MRI LE]) can reliably identify the distribution and characteristics of the myocardial scar and may be helpful in planning the ablation strategy. When performed in highly specialized centers, epicardial catheter ablation of VT leads to a significant reduction of recurrent VT episodes compared to the endocardial VT ablation alone and with lower complication rates.

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Abbreviations

ARVCM:

Arrhythmogene rechtsventrikuläre Kardiomyopathie

Epi-VT-Ablation:

Ablation einer ventrikulären Tachykardie mit epikardialen Zugang

ICM:

Ischämische Kardiomyopathie

Kardio-CT-LE:

Kardiale Computertomographie mit „late enhancement“

MRT:

Magnetresonanztomographie

NICM:

Nichtischämische Kardiomyopathie

VT:

Ventrikuläre Tachykardie

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Correspondence to T. Deneke.

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E. Ene, P. Halbfaß, K. Nentwich, K. Sonne, A. Berkovitz, A.-K. Wolf und T. Deneke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Ene, E., Halbfaß, P., Nentwich, K. et al. Epikardiales Mapping und Ablation bei ventrikulären Tachykardien. Herzschr Elektrophys 29, 300–306 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-018-0578-7

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