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Aktuelle und zukünftige randomisierte Studien zum Vorhofohr-Okkluder

Notwendigkeit einer definitiven Standortbestimmung

Recent and upcoming randomized trials for left atrial appendage occlusion

Need for a definite assessment of the situation

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Zusammenfassung

Nichtvalvuläres Vorhofflimmern (VF) stellt mit etwa 1,6 Mio. betroffenen Patienten in Deutschland die häufigste Herzrhythmusstörung dar. Aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung ist eine weitere Zunahme zu erwarten. Die Schlaganfälle bei VF-Patienten verlaufen besonders schwer. Eine Therapie mit Antikoagulanzien reduziert die Inzidenz von ischämischen Ereignissen um ca. 70 %. Neben Vitamin-K-Antagonisten stehen aktuell die neuen oralen Antikoagulanzien (NOAK) Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban und Edoxaban zur Verfügung. Allerdings treten weiterhin schwere Blutungen mit einer Inzidenz von 2–3 % pro Jahr auf. Randomisierte Studien und Real-life-Register weisen darauf hin, dass >20 % der Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern und einer Indikation für eine Antikoagulation nicht dauerhaft oral antikoaguliert werden können. Der perkutane Verschluss des linken Vorhofohrs (LAA) mit einem Okkluder-Device stellt bei diesen Patienten eine alternative Option zur Verhinderung von Schlaganfällen und Thrombembolien dar. Bei Patienten mit nichtvalvulärem Vorhofflimmern können ca. 90 % aller linkskardialen Thromben im LAA nachgewiesen werden. Die bisher durchgeführten randomisierten Studien zum katheterbasierten LAA-Verschluss wurden im Vergleich mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten bei Patienten durchgeführt, welche auch antikoaguliert werden konnten. Die katheterbasierte LAA-Okkluder-Therapie muss in Zukunft mit einer NOAK-Therapie verglichen werden. Die Okkluder-Therapie wird in der klinischen Routine bei Patienten mit hohem Blutungsrisiko, die nicht geeignet für eine Langzeit-Antikoagulation sind, durchgeführt. Auch für diese Patientenpopulation existieren keine randomisierten Daten. Aktuelle Studien werden in dieser Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert und wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen aufgezeigt.

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia affecting more than 1.6 million patients in Germany. Based on demographic developments, an the number is expected to increase. Embolic strokes in AF patients are particularly severe, and individualized new oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy reduces the incidence of stroke in these patients by approximately 70%. Besides vitamin K antagonists, the NOACs rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, and edoxaban have been introduced into clinical practice; however, major bleeding still occurs at a rate of 2–3% per year. Moreover, randomized studies and real-life registries suggest that >20% of patients with AF and an indication for anticoagulation cannot tolerate chronic oral anticoagulant therapy. Therefore, an alternative method for stroke prevention in AF patients has been developed, i. e., catheter-based exclusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA), a location that is prone for thrombus formation in these patients. The randomized trials of catheter-based LAA occlusion have compared this interventional therapy with vitamin K antagonists. In the future, however, LAA exclusion needs to be compared with NOAC therapy. Moreover, percutaneous LAA exclusion in clinical practice is mostly offered to patients ineligible for long-term oral anticoagulation or with high bleeding risk. However, no controlled, randomized trial data exist for this patient population. These data are needed for appropriate clinical judgment and optimal clinical management. Ongoing studies and scientific questions that are important to define the future for catheter-based LAA closure are discussed in this review.

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Correspondence to Ulf Landmesser.

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Interessenkonflikt

C. Skurk und J.J. Hartung geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. U. Landmesser hat Vortrags- und Advisory Board Honorare von St. Jude erhalten.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Skurk, C., Hartung, J.J. & Landmesser, U. Aktuelle und zukünftige randomisierte Studien zum Vorhofohr-Okkluder. Herzschr Elektrophys 28, 395–402 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-017-0534-y

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