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Epikardiale Ablation ventrikulärer Tachykardien

Epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardias

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Zusammenfassung

Ventrikuläre Tachykardien (VT) bei Patienten mit struktureller Herzerkrankung haben überwiegend einen narbenassoziierten Reentry-Mechanismus, so dass hier substratbasierte Ablationsstrategien bei nahezu allen Verfahren – zumindest zusätzlich – angewendet werden. In vielen Fällen, insbesondere bei nichtischämischen Kardiomyopathien (NICM) sowie arrhythmogenen rechtsventrikulären Kardiomyopathien (ARVCM), findet sich ein arrhythmogenes Substrat mit kritischem Anteil am Reentry-Mechanismus in den epikardialen Myokardanteilen, so dass zur Modifikation dieser Anteile ein Zugang vom Perikardraum notwendig ist. Bei Rezidiveingriffen (nach vorheriger endokardialer Ablation) bei VT mit ischämischer Kardiomyopathie (ICM) sollte ein epikardiales Vorgehen erwogen werden. Es existieren Fälle, bei denen mittels endokardialem Mapping keine Narbenzonen identifiziert werden können; bei diesen Patienten liegt häufig ein isoliertes epikardiales Substrat vor. Weltweit wird für etwa 10 % aller VT-Ablationen ein epikardialer Zugang mittels perkutanter subxiphoidaler Punktion durchgeführt. Studien zeigen eine höhere Effektivität, eine Rhythmusstabilität und Reduktion der Rezidivereignisse in der Nachsorge (ca. 70 % Rezidivfreiheit im Verlauf von 2 Jahren) nach endo-/epikardialer Substratmodifikation. Auch beim elektrischen Sturm scheint ein frühzeitiges epikardiales Vorgehen, insbesondere bei NICM, sinnvoll. Die epikardiale Instrumentierung und Ablation stellen komplexe elektrophysiologische Verfahren dar, deren Durchführung auf erfahrene Zentren mit herzchirurgischem Back-up begrenzt sein sollte. In diesen erfahrenen Zentren liegt die Komplikationsrate unter 5 %.

Abstract

Ventricular tachycardias (VT) in patients with structural heart diseases have predominantly a scar-associated reentry mechanism so that substrate-based ablation approaches also have to be used in nearly all procedures. In many VT cases—especially in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy—a critical epicardial substrate can be identified as an essential component of the reentry circuit so that for the ablation-based modification of the substrate in these cases an epicardial approach is necessary. In cases of redo-VT ablation procedures in ischemic cardiomyopathy (after a previously endocardial ablation), an epicardial approach should also be considered. There are also cases in whom no endocardial substrate can be identified and an isolated epicardial substrate can be identified. Worldwide epicardial VT ablations are usually performed after gaining epicardial access using subxyphoidal puncture. The results of recent studies show a higher efficiency with stabilization of cardiac rhythm and reduction of recurrent VT episodes (about 70% event-free survival at the 2‑year follow-up) after endo-plus epicardial substrate modification. In electrical storm cases, an early epicardial VT ablation approach also appears to be relevant, especially in NICM. Epicardial instrumentation and ablation represents a complex procedure which should only be performed in experienced centers with cardiac surgery back-up. In these experienced centers, the complications rate is less than 5%.

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Abbreviations

ARVCM:

Arrhythmogene rechtsventrikuläre Kardiomyopathie

Epi-VT-Ablation:

Ablation einer ventrikulären Tachykardie mit epikardialem Zugang

ICM:

Ischämische Kardiomyopathie

MRT:

Magnetresonanztomographie

NICM:

Nichtischämische Kardiomyopathie

VT:

Ventrikuläre Tachykardie

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Correspondence to T. Deneke.

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E. Ene, P. Halbfaß, K. Nentwich, K. Sonne, M. Roos, S. Fodor, Lehmkuhl, F. Gietzen, S. Barth, K. Hamm und T. Deneke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Ene, E., Halbfaß, P., Nentwich, K. et al. Epikardiale Ablation ventrikulärer Tachykardien. Herzschr Elektrophys 28, 212–218 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-017-0501-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-017-0501-7

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