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Oberflächen-EKG-Charakteristika von rechts- und linksatrialem Vorhofflattern

Surface ECG characteristics of right and left atrial flutter

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Zusammenfassung

Einleitung

Durch die zunehmende interventionelle Behandlung von linksseitigen atrialen Tachyarrhythmien mittels Katheterablation ist die Differenzialdiagnostik von atrialen Tachykardien durch Interpretation des Oberflächen-EKGs bedeutsamer geworden, insbesondere für die Planung der Katheterintervention.

Definition

Rechtsatriales typisches Vorhofflattern über den Isthmus breitet sich von inferior septal nach kranial aus und zeichnet sich daher durch negative sägezahnartige Flatterwellen aus, die in II, III und aVF zunächst langsam negativ abfallen und dann steil wieder ansteigen. Die Flatterfrequenz beträgt dabei meist 240–250/min. Dagegen finden sich bei rechtsatrialem Flattern im Uhrzeigersinn („clockwise“), bei Flattern um die V. cava inferior oder superior sowie um eine Narbe (z. B. nach Anschluss der Herz-Lungen-Maschine) positive oder biphasische Flatterwellenmorphologien (perikavaler Reentry). Linksatriales Vorhofflattern (z. B. um die Mitralklappe oder um die Pulmonalvenen) ist ausgesprochen heterogen, zeigt jedoch typischerweise eine positive Flatterwelle in V1, da der linke Vorhof im hinteren Mediastinum liegt.

Schlussfolgerung

Spezielle Kenntnisse der Flatterwellenmorphologie im Oberflächen-EKG vereinfachen die Planung und Durchführung der Ablationsstrategie.

Abstract

Introduction

Atrial tachycardia in virtually all areas of both atria has become more important in the clinical management of patients with previous complex atrial fibrillation ablation. Accurate interpretation of surface electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics is of paramount importance to localize the origin of atrial tachycardia, particularly for planning interventional treatment. This article highlights the ECG features of different types of right and left atrial tachycardia.

Definition

Typical right atrial flutter through the cavotricuspid isthmus conducts septally in a cranial direction and demonstrates sawtooth-like flutter waves which start negative in II, III and aVF and then show a steep slope upwards to the isoelectric line. The flutter rate typically ranges between 240–250 beats/min. In contrast, right atrial flutter in a clockwise rotation, flutter around the vena cava inferior or superior and around a scar (e.g. after cardiac surgery) show positive or biphasic flutter waves (lower or upper loop reentry). Left atrial flutter waves (e.g. around the mitral valve or around the pulmonary veins) are very heterogeneous and are typically positive in V1 as the left atrium is located in the posterior mediastinum.

Conclusion

Specific knowledge of flutter wave morphology in surface ECG facilitates planning and performance of the ablation strategy.

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Correspondence to Thomas Rostock.

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T. Rostock, T. Konrad, S. Sonnenschein, H. Mollnau, B. Quesada Ocete, K. Bock, R. Spittler, C. Huber und C. Theis geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Rostock, T., Konrad, T., Sonnenschein, S. et al. Oberflächen-EKG-Charakteristika von rechts- und linksatrialem Vorhofflattern. Herzschr Elektrophys 26, 208–213 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-015-0386-2

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