Skip to main content
Log in

Technische Voraussetzungen der Frühdefibrillation: Was können automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren?

Technical requirements for early defibrillation: capabilities of automated external defibrillators

  • BEITRAG ZUM THEMENSCHWERPUNKT
  • Published:
Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Modern automated external defibrillators (AEDs) offer a variety of technical improvements which increase the efficacy of early defibrillation, facilitate the application by not or minimally trained persons and improve safety. The development of biphasic shocks allows better myocardial protection, the use of lithium batteries, and a marked decrease of AEDs, in size. Microprocessors realize complex acoustic and visual prompts which lead the user through all steps of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to current guidelines. The design of AEDs has been simplified; many devices provide only a single button which can be used for all active processes. Memory functions record the whole CPR with all details which can be transferred to other computers and analyzed off-line. The introduction of AEDs has reduced the delay between collapse and defibrillation to less than 4 min in several studies thus increasing the success of CPR and the proportion of patients dismissed from hospital alive and without neurological deficit. Up to 93% of untrained volunteers were able to successfully complete defibrillation with the use of an AED, sixth-form pupils without experience in CPR were only few sec slower with an AED than staff of emergency medical services. The ability to perform CPR after defibrillation guided by the AED depends primarily on the clarity of acoustic prompts which have to consider the terms and abbreviations of the respective language. Currently available AEDs surpass performance goals of the AHA. However, all devices exhibit advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed in this review.

Zusammenfassung

Moderne automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren (AEDs) verfügen über eine Vielzahl von technischen Neuerungen, die die Effektivität verbessern, die Anwendung durch nicht oder nur minimal trainierte Personen ermöglichen und den Einsatz für Patienten und Anwender sicherer machen. Die Entwicklung biphasischer Schockformen erlaubt schonendere Energieabgaben, die Nutzung von Lithium-Batterien und eine hochgradige Verkleinerung der Geräte. Moderne Mikroprozessoren ermöglichen komplexe akustische und visuelle Aufforderungen, die den Anwender durch alle Schritte einer nach den aktuellen Leitlinien durchgeführten Reanimation begleiten. Das Design des AEDs ist soweit simplifiziert worden, dass viele Geräte lediglich noch einen zu bedienenden Knopf haben. Umfangreiche Speicherfunktionen erlauben es, den gesamten Vorgang in allen Einzelheiten aufzuzeichnen, zu exportieren und die Daten nachträglich zu analysieren. Durch den Einsatz von AEDs können die Latenz zwischen Kollaps und Defibrillation vielfach auf unter 4 min gesenkt und die Erfolgsaussichten der Reanimation (und damit die Prognose des Patienten) signifikant verbessert werden. Bis zu 93% untrainierter Probanden konnten eine Frühdefibrillation erfolgreich durchführen, Schulkinder ohne Vorkenntnisse waren hierbei im Mittel nur wenige sec langsamer als professionelle Rettungssanitäter. Die Durchführung einer AED-geführten kardiopulmonalen Reanimation hängt maßgeblich von der Verständlichkeit der akustischen Aufforderungen ab, die auf die Verständlichkeit in der jeweiligen Landessprache angewiesen sind. Die derzeit verfügbaren AEDs übertreffen die Anforderungen der AHA z. T. bei weitem, weisen jedoch alle Vor- und Nachteile auf, die hier im Einzelnen erörtert werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Van Alem AP, Sanou PT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42:449–457

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bardy GH, Marchlinski FE, Sharma AD, Worley SJ, Luceri RM, Yee R, Halperin BD, Fellows CL, Ahern TS, Chilson DA, Packer DL, Wilber DJ, Mattioni TA, Reddy R, Kronmal RA, Lazzara R (1996) Multicenter comparison of truncated biphasic shocks and standard damped sine wave monophasic shocks for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation. Circulation 94:2507–2514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Becker B, Han BH, Meyer PM, Wright FA, Rhodes KV, Smith DW, Barrett J (1993) Racial differences in the incidence of cardiac arrest and subsequent survival. N Engl J Med 329:600–606

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI, Perry JC, Zimmerman AA, Duncan BW, Lupinetti FM, Snyder D, Lyster TD, Rosenthal GL, Cross B, Atkins DL (2001) Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circulation 103:2483–2488

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Diack AW, Welborn WS, Rullman RG et al (1979) An automatic cardiac resuscitator for emergency treatment of cardiac arrest. Med Instrum 13:78–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Einav S, Weissman C, Kark J, Lotan C, Matot I (2005) Future shock: automatic external defibrillators. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 18:175–180

    Google Scholar 

  7. Eisenberg MS, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Bergner L (1980) Management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Failure of basic emergency medical technician services. JAMA 243:1049–1051

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fleischhackl R, Losert H, Haugk M, Eisenburger P, Sterz F, Laggner AN, Herkner H (2004) Differing operational outcomes with six commercially available automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation 62:167–174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 4: the automated external defibrillator: key link in the chain of survival. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Circulation 102:I60–I76

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gundry JW, Comess KA, DeRook FA, Jorgenson D, Bardy GH (1999) Comparison of naive sixth-grade children with trained professionals in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Circulation 100:1703–1707

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hazinski MF, Markenson D, Neish S et al (2004) Response to cardiac arrest and selected life-threatening medical emergencies: the medical emergency response plan for schools: a statement for healthcare providers, policymakers, school administrators, and community leaders. Circulation 109:278–291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kanz KG, Kay MV, Biberthaler P, Russ W, Wessel S, Lackner CK, Mutschler W (2004) Susceptibility of automated external defibrillators to train overhead lines and metro third rails. Resuscitation 62:189–198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kerber RE, Becker LB, Bourland JD, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP, Michos MB, Nichol G, Ornato JP, Thies WH, White RD, Zuckerman BD (1997) Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. Circulation 95:1677–1682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lombardi G, Gallagher EJ, Gennis P (1994) Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City: the Pre-Hospital Arrest Survival Evaluation (PHASE) Study. JAMA 271:678–683

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lui JCZ (1999) Evaluation of the use of automatic external defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong. Resuscitation 41:113–119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mattioni T, Kanaan N, Riggio D et al (2003) Performance of an automatic external cardioverter-defibrillator algorithm in the discrimination of supraventricular from ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 91:1323–1326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Myerburg RJ (2001) Sudden cardiac death: Exploring the limits of our knowledge. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12:369–381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Myerburg RJ, Velez M, Rosenberg DG, Fenster J, Castellanos A (2003) Automatic external defibrillators for prevention of out-of-hospital sudden death: Effectiveness of the automatic external defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14 (Suppl): S108–S116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Nichol G, Hallstrom AP, Kerber R, Moss AJ, Ornato JP, Palmer D, Riegel B, Smith S, Weisfeldt ML (1998) American Heart Association report on the Second Public Access Defibrillation Conference, April 17–19, 1997. Circulation 97:1309–1314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Takata TS, Page RL, Joglar JA (2001) Automated external defibrillators: technical considerations and clinical promise. Ann Intern Med 135:990–998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tang W, Weil MH, Suns S et al (1999) The effects of biphasic and conventional monophasic defibrillation on postresuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:815–822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG (2000) Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med 343:1206–1209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Weaver WD, Compass MK, Hill DL et al (1986) Cardiac arrest treated with a new automatic external defibrillator by out-of-hospital first responders. Am J Cardiol 57:1017–1021

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Weaver WD, Hill D, Fahrenbruch CE et al (1988) Use of the automatic external defibrillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 319:661–666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Weisfeldt ML, Kerber R, McGoldrick RP, Moss AJ, Nichol G, Ornato JP, Palmer DG, Riegel B, Smith JC Jr (1995) American Heart Association report on the Public Access Defibrillation Conference, December 8–10, 1994. Circulation 92:2740–2747

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Whitfield R, Colquhoun M, Chamberlain D, Newcombe R, Davies CS, Boyle R (2005) The Department of Health National Defibrillator Programme: analysis of downloads from 250 deployments of public access defibrillators. Resuscitation 64:269–277

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. W. Israel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Israel, C.W., Grönefeld, G. Technische Voraussetzungen der Frühdefibrillation: Was können automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren?. Herzschr. Elektrophys. 16, 84–93 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-005-0468-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-005-0468-7

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation