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Simulation

Aktuelle Konzepte der ärztlichen Aus- und Weiterbildung in der Herz-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie

Simulation

Current concepts of medical training and further eduaction in cardiac, thoracic and vascular surgery

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Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Simulation ist ein etabliertes Instrument in der medizinischen Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung und deckt technische sowie nichttechnische Aspekte ab. Sie bietet eine Plattform für das Training psychomotorischer Kompetenzen und professionellen Verhaltens. Verschiedene Simulatoren wurden für die Herz-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie entwickelt. „Skill trainer“ sind für die Herzklappenchirurgie und koronare Bypässe beschrieben. Neben den klassischen Tiermodellen gibt es kommerzielle Simulatoren, die das schlagende Herz realitätsnah imitieren. Die virtuelle Realität (VR) ermöglicht Training auch im Bereich der interventionellen und thorakoskopischen Chirurgie. Jeder Simulator muss in ein definiertes Curriculum einbettet sein, um den bestmöglichen Trainingseffekt zu erzielen. Durch Curricula in Form von Kursen können chirurgische Basisfertigkeiten bisweilen effektiver erlernt werden als in der realen Patientenversorgung im OP. Eine hierzu genutzte Methode ist das Szenariotraining in Echtzeit. Internationale Organisationen empfehlen dieses für die Notfallmedizin und die Evaluation von chirurgischen Fertigkeiten in diversen Fachbereichen. Aspekte wie Kommunikation, Teamführung und Entscheidungsfindung können effektiv trainiert werden. Es gibt nur wenige, aber wichtige Publikationen, die den positiven Effekt des Simulatortrainings auf die Patientenversorgung im herzchirurgischen OP und auf Intensivstationen nachweisen. Jedoch kann Simulation nie die Erfahrung am Patienten ersetzen. Insbesondere unerfahrene Ärzte neigen dazu, ihre eigenen medizinischen Kompetenzen in der Patientenversorgung nach einem Training am Simulator zu überschätzen. Simulation bietet daher einen wertvollen Zusatz, aber keinen Ersatz in der medizinischen Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung.

Abstract

Simulation is an established instrument for medical training and further education covering technical and non-technical skills. It provides a platform for training psychomotor skills and professional behavior. Various simulators have been developed for cardiac, thoracic, and vascular surgery. Skill trainers are described for heart valve surgery and coronary anastomoses. Even beating artificial hearts are commercially available for surgical training, besides classical animal models. Virtual reality provides an additional dimension for training in thoracoscopic and interventional surgery. Every simulator has to be embedded in a defined curriculum to achieve the optimal effect. Curricula in the form of courses may be more effective in teaching basic surgical skills than learning solely during patient treatment in the operating room. One popular method to facilitate simulators for education is scenario training in real time. International associations recommend the implementation of scenario simulation for emergency training and evaluation of surgical skills in various disciplines. Issues, such as communication, team leadership and decision making can be effectively trained by simulation scenarios. There are only a few but fundamental publications providing evidence that simulation has a positive effect on patient care during cardiac surgery and on intensive care units; however, simulation can never replace experience in real patient care. Especially inexperienced healthcare providers have a tendency to overestimate their competence after training by simulation. Simulation is therefore a valuable adjunct but not a substitute for medical training and further education.

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Correspondence to T. Ott D.E.S.A..

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T. Ott, M.A. Gerth, L. Emrich, H. Buggenhagen und C. Werner geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Ott, T., Gerth, M.A., Emrich, L. et al. Simulation. Z Herz- Thorax- Gefäßchir 31, 83–89 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00398-016-0135-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00398-016-0135-9

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