Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Using rheometry to study the curing kinetics of glycidyl azide polymer spherical propellant by non-isothermal method

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
Rheologica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The curing kinetics of GAP spherical propellant was studied by rheological non-isothermal measurement. The kinetic parameters were determined by rheometry based on conversion degree α described by storage modulus. The non-isothermal method was first used in rheometry as conversion α determined by a novel method, considering that storage modulus variation was a complex process which increased with polymerization and decreased as the temperature increased. The variation of apparent activation energy was obtained by the isoconversional method of Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. It was found that Ea is little lower in the range of 0.05 < α < 0.50 than it is in the range of 0.50 < α < 0.70. During the complete curing process, apparent activation energy can be considered a constant. A new kinetic equation had been established and showed great agreement with experimental data. Altogether, the rheological non-isothermal method can be used to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of thermosetting reactions, and the obtained knowledge of the curing kinetic will form a contribution to the study of GAP spherical propellant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allahbakhsh A, Mazinani S, Kalaee MR, et al. (2013) Cure kinetics and chemorheology of EPDM/graphene oxide nanocomposites. Thermochim Acta 563:22–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso MV, Oliet M, Garcia J, et al. (2006) Gelation and isoconversional kinetic analysis of lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resol resins cure. Chem Eng J 122:159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brekner MJ, Feger C (1987) Curing studies of a polyimide precursor. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 25:2005–2020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byczyński Ł (2014) Thermal degradation studies of poly(urethane–siloxane) thermosets based on co-poly (dimethyl)(methyl, 3-glycidoxypropyl) siloxane and epoxy-terminated urethane oligomer. Thermochim Acta 592:58–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canamero-Martinez P, Fernandez-Garcia M, De la Fuente J (2010) Rheological cure characterization of a polyfunctional epoxy acrylic resin. React Funct Polym 70:761–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu Y, Zhong WH (2011) Cure kinetics behavior of a functionalized graphitic nanofiber modified epoxy resin. Thermochim Acta 516:58–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galgali G, Ramesh C, Lele A (2001) A rheological study on the kinetics of hybrid formation in polypropylene nanocomposites. Macromolecules 34:852–858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamal RS, Enas EAE, Said AE (2011) Dynamic cure kinetics and thermal degradation of brominated epoxy resin–organoclay based nanocomposites. Thermochim Acta 524:186–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He W, He LM, Ma ZL, Guo YL (2015) The kinetic and viscosity analysis of glycidyl azide polymer spherical propellant. J Thermal Anal and Calorimetry. doi:10.1007/s10973-015-5225-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Janković B (2010) The kinetic analysis of isothermal curing reaction of an unsaturated polyester resin: estimation of the density distribution function of the apparent activation energy. Chem Eng J 162:331–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota N, Sonobe T, Yamamoto A, et al. (1990) Burning rate characteristics of GAP propellants. J Propuls Power 6:686–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KSS, Nair CPR, Ninan KN (2009) Investigations on the cure chemistry and polymer properties of benzoxazine–cyanate ester blends. Eur Polym J 45:494–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucio B, dela Fuente JL (2014) Rheokinetic analysis on the formation of metallo-polyurethanes based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. Eur Polym J 50:117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Málek J (1992) The kinetic analysis of non-isothermal data. Thermochim Acta 200:257–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Málek J, Mitsuhashi T, Criado JM (2001) Kinetic analysis of solid-state processes. J Mater Res 16:1862–1871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malkin A Y, Kulichikhin S G (2008) Rheokinetics: rheological transformations in synthesis and reactions of oligomers and polymers. John Wiley & Sons

  • Malkin AY, Beghishev VP, Keapin IA, et al. (1984a) General treatment of polymer crystallization kineticsepart 1. A new macrokinetic equation and its experimental verification. Polymer Eng Sci 18:1396–1401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malkin AY, Beghishev VP, Keapin IA, et al. (1984b) General treatment of polymer crystallization kineticsfpart 2. The kinetics of nonisothermal crystallization. Polymer Eng Sci 18:1402–1408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez JM, Oliet M, Alonso MV, et al. (2009) Cure kinetics of lignin–novolac resins studied by isoconversional methods. Thermochim Acta 487:39–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Román F et al. (2013) Isothermal curing of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites based upon epoxy resin by means of anionic homopolymerisation. Thermochim Acta 574:98–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saad GR, Elhamid EEA, Elmenyawy SA (2011) Dynamic cure kinetics and thermal degradation of brominated epoxy resin–organoclay based nanocomposites. Thermochim Acta 524:186–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salla JM, Ramis X (1994) A kinetic study of the effect of three catalytic systems on the curing of an unsaturated polyester resin. J Appl Polym Sci 51:453–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salla JM, Cadenato A, Ramis X, et al. (1999) Thermoset cure kinetics by isoconversional methods. J Therm Anal Calorim 56:771–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sbirrazzuoli N, Vyazovkin S (2002) Learning about epoxy cure mechanisms from isoconversional analysis of DSC data. Thermochim Acta 388:289–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senum GI, Yang RT (1977) Rational approximations of the integral of the Arrhenius function. J Therm Anal Calorim 11:445–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark W (2013) Investigation of the curing behaviour of carbon fibre epoxy prepreg by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Polym Test 32:231–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vyazovkin S (2001) Modification of the integral isoconversional method to account for variation in the activation energy. J Comput Chem 22:178–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vyazovkin S, Sbirrazzuoli N (2006) Isoconversional kinetic analysis of thermally stimulated processes in polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 27:1515–1532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Luo Y, Ge Z (2014) Properties and application of a novel type of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)-modified nitrocellulose powders. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35:1–7

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of chemical industry and environment, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China

    He Wei, He Liming, Ma Zhongliang & Guo Yanli

Authors
  1. He Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. He Liming
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ma Zhongliang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guo Yanli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to He Liming.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wei, H., Liming, H., Zhongliang, M. et al. Using rheometry to study the curing kinetics of glycidyl azide polymer spherical propellant by non-isothermal method. Rheol Acta 55, 365–371 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-016-0926-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-016-0926-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation