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Flow and structure development behavior of bar soaps containing synthetic detergent

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Abstract

Many bar soaps are processed using continuous processing technologies, including single and twin screw extrusion. However, in spite of the industrial importance of the extrusion-based processing of bar soaps the rheological behavior of bar soaps is poorly understood. Here, the shear viscosity and the formation of gross surface irregularities upon extrusion of the bar soap were investigated using steady torsional, rectangular slit, and capillary flows. Furthermore, the structure development aspects were investigated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is revealed that the flow and deformation behavior of bar soaps is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of wall slip, viscoplasticity, gross surface irregularities, and various structuring aspects. The orientation of crystallites and the shear stress dependent fracture of a crystalline component of the formulation at the wall during flow were identified as some of the contributing effects to the development of the structure of the bar soap during flow and deformation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following staff of HfMI: Ms. Elvan Birinci for her participation in the X-ray diffraction analysis, Dr. Berton Greenberg for his comments and input to the X-ray measurements, and Mr. Jason Garrow for his contributions to the rheological characterization of the soap formulations. The research is part of a larger study which involves mathematical modeling of single and twin screw extrusion flows and is funded jointly by Unilever Home and Personal Care North America and Unilever Research US Inc. We are grateful for this support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Highly Filled Materials Institute, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA

    Dilhan M. Kalyon, Halil Gevgilili & Rahmi Yazici

  2. Unilever Home & Personal Care North America, Trumbull, CT, USA

    Albert J. Post

  3. Unilever Research US Inc., Edgewater, NJ, USA

    Gregory J. McFann

Authors
  1. Dilhan M. Kalyon
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  2. Halil Gevgilili
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  3. Rahmi Yazici
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  4. Albert J. Post
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  5. Gregory J. McFann
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Correspondence to Dilhan M. Kalyon.

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Kalyon, D.M., Gevgilili, H., Yazici, R. et al. Flow and structure development behavior of bar soaps containing synthetic detergent. Rheol Acta 43, 396–405 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-004-0357-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-004-0357-8

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