Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fabrication of liner low-density polyvinyl-based carbon fibers via ultraviolet irradiation-vulcanization crosslinking

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
Colloid and Polymer Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, the linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) fibers were used as the precursors to prepare low-cost carbon fibers (CFs) via ultraviolet crosslinking-vulcanized stabilization-carbonization processing. The spinning particles were obtained by mixing linear low-density polyethylene with photoinitiator 4-chlorobenzophenone (4-CBP), crosslinkers triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), and thermal stabilizer antioxidant 1010, and then the ultraviolet (UV) photosensitive LLDPE fibers were fabricated by traditional melt spinning. Then, the LLDPE primary fibers were treated by UV irradiation, vulcanized stabilization and carbonization to obtain the low-cost CFs. to characterize the structure and properties of ultraviolet crosslinked polyethylene (UV-XLPE) fibers and CFs, the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analyzer, X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope were adopted. The results showed that, UV irradiation introduced a crosslinked structure of LLDPE fibers, and the degree of gelation of XLPE fibers reached a maximum of 48.6% when UV irradiation was carried out for 15 min; with the extension of UV irradiation time, the melting temperature and crystallization temperature of UV-XLPE fibers move to the direction of low temperature, and the crystal size of the fiber decreases; after vulcanization, the carbon yield of the fiber is significantly improved, reaching up to 62.9%, and the surface and section of CFs are dense.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

  1. Brown KR, Harrell TM, Skrzypczak L, Scherschel A, Wu HF, Li XD (2022) Carbon fibers derived from commodity polymers: A review. Carbon 196:422–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.05.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lionetto F (2021) Carbon fiber reinforced polymers Materials 14:5545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Choi D, Kil HS, Lee S (2019) Fabrication of low-cost carbon fibers using economical precursors and advanced processing technologies. Carbon 142:610–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.10.028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Choi D, Yoo SH, Lee S (2019) Safer and more effective route for polyethylene-derived carbon fiber fabrication using electron beam irradiation. Carbon 146:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yoo SH, Park S, Park Y, Lee D, Joh H, Shin L, Lee S (2017) Facile method to fabricate carbon fibers from textile-grade polyacrylonitrile fibers based on electron-beam irradiation and its effect on the subsequent thermal stabilization process. Carbon 118:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wu YT, Gao X, Nguyen TT, Wu J, Guo MH, Liu WH, Du CH (2022) Green and low-cost natural lignocellulosic biomass-based carbon fibers—processing, properties, and applications in sports equipment: A Review. Polymers 14:2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Lee JH, Jin JU, Park S, Choi D, You NH, Chung Y, Ku BC, Yeo H (2019) Melt processable polyacrylonitrile copolymer precursors for carbon fibers: Rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. J Ind Eng Chem 71:112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.11.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Banerjee D, Dedmon H, Rahmani F, Pasquinelli M, Ford E (2021) Cyclization kinetics of gel-spun polyacrylonitrile/aldaric-acid sugars using the isoconversional approach. J Appl Polym Sci 139:51781. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.51781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Xie B, Hong L, Chen P, Zhu B (2016) Effect of sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid on the composition and carbonizability of LLDPE fibers. Polym Bull 73:891–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1525-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Frank E, Muks E, Ota A, Herrmann T, Hunger M, Buchmeiser MR (2021) Structure evolution in polyethylene-derived carbon fiber using a combined electron beam-stabilization-sulphurization approach. Macromol Mater Eng 306. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202100280

  11. Ingildeev D, Hermanutz F, Bredereck K, Effenberger F (2012) Novel Cellulose/ Polymer Blend Fibers Obtained Using Ionic Liquids. Macromol Mater Eng 297:585–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Spoerl JM, Beyer R, Abels F, Cwik T, Muller A, Hermanutz F, Buchmeiser MR (2017) Cellulose-derived carbon fibers with improved carbon yield and mechanical properties. Macromol Mater Eng 302. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201700195

  13. Steudle LM, Frank E, Ota A, Hageroth U, Henzler S, Schuler W, Neupert R, Buchmeiser MR (2017) Carbon fibers prepared from melt spun peracylated softwood lignin: an integrated approach. Macromol Mater Eng 302. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201600441

  14. Kadla JF, Kubo S, Venditti RA, Gilbert RD (2002) Novel hollow core fibers prepared from lignin polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 85:1353–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sudo K, Shimizu K (1992) A new carbon fiber from lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 44:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Postema AR, De Groot H, Pennings AJ (1990) Amorphous carbon fibres from linear low-density polyethylene. J Mater Sci 25:4216–4222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00581075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang D, Sun Q (1996) Structure and properties development during the conversion of polyethylene precursors to carbon fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 62:367–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961010)62:2%3c367:AID-APP11%3e3.0.CO;2-Z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hunt MA, Saito T, Brown RH, Kumbhar AS, Naskar AK (2012) Patterned functional carbon fibers from polyethylene. Adv Mater 24:2386–2389. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kim JW, Lee JS (2015) Preparation of carbon fibers from linear low-density polyethylene. Carbon 94:524–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.06.074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fu YW (2020) Material preparation and properties study of UV-XLPE for high voltage class. dissertation, Harbin University of Science and Technology.

  21. Wang HL, Wang C, Chen WX (2001) The mechanism of radiation-induced polyethylene coloration. J Radiat Res Radiat Process 19:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3436.2001.01.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Yu JR, Tan GH, Liu ZF (2000) Effects of ultraviolet irradiated crosslinking on the gel content of UHMWPE fibers. Chin Synth Fiber Ind 23:36–37. CNKI:SUN:HCXV.0.2000-06-011

  23. Chen JQ (2018) Research on MV/HV cable manufacturing technology and material properties of UV-photoinitiated crosslinking polyethylene. Dissertation, Harbin University of Science and Technology.

  24. Xu ZY, Zhao H, Chen JQ, Yang JM, Zheng CJ, Lei JS (2017) Influence of crosslinking degree on water treeing of crosslinked polyethylene. Insul Mater 50:31–35+41. https://doi.org/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2017.04.007

  25. Wu SS, Xu X (2005) HDPE functionalized by ultraviolet irradiation and properties of the composites. Acta Mater Compositae Sin 22:60–63. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3851.2005.05.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Trofimov BA (2003) Sulfurization of polymers: a novel access to electroactive and conducting materials. Sulfur Rep 24:283–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/01961770308047978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Trofimov BA, Skotheim TA, Mal’kina AG, Sokolyanskaya LV, Myachina GF, Korzhova SA, Stoyanov ES, Kovalev IP (2000) Sulfurization of polymers 2. Polythienothiophene and related structures from polyethylene and elemental sulfur. Russ Chem Bull 49:863–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02494710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Tang LX, Yan MQ, Liu CH, Wang PH (2009) Crystallization behavior of ultraviolet-light crosslinked polyethylene. Chin J Appl Chem 26:1019–1022. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0518.2009.09.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhu XH, Du BX, Gao Y, Meng ZZ (2010) Effects of cross-linking process on crystallinity of XLPE. Insul Mater 43:44–47. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-9239.2010.06.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Tianjin Science and Technology key project (18ZXJMTG00110) and Tiangong University Grant for Fiber Studies (Grant No: TGF-21-A4) for financial support. We would like to thank the Analytical & Testing Center of Tiangong University for structured illumination microscopy work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Lab of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Zhiheng Sun, Guangpeng Luo, Jiapeng Gao, Wei Li, Na Han & Xingxiang Zhang

  2. Tianjin Municipal Key Lab of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Zhiheng Sun, Guangpeng Luo, Jiapeng Gao, Wei Li, Na Han & Xingxiang Zhang

  3. School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Zhiheng Sun, Guangpeng Luo, Jiapeng Gao, Wei Li, Na Han & Xingxiang Zhang

Authors
  1. Zhiheng Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guangpeng Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jiapeng Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Na Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xingxiang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Na Han or Xingxiang Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, Z., Luo, G., Gao, J. et al. Fabrication of liner low-density polyvinyl-based carbon fibers via ultraviolet irradiation-vulcanization crosslinking. Colloid Polym Sci 301, 909–918 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-023-05110-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-023-05110-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation