Abstract
Calcium alginate beads are enclosed in a wide range of products including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic formulations. The biopolymer matrix is often used to stabilize active ingredients and to provide a controlled release under well-defined conditions. In this context, it is of high interest to study the magnetic-induced attraction, elongation, and rupture of capsules or beads. In this work, we synthesized new types of magnetic switchable alginate beads. The magnetic sensitivity was achieved by incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) within the alginate gel. We measured the mechanical properties of single alginate beads in squeezing experiments, the evaporation of water and the magnetic sensitivity by stimulation of these beads in external fields. In all these measurements, the alginate and the nanoparticle concentration were systematically varied. We could show that the incorporation of MNPs generates a magnetic response of the beads and reduces the evaporation of water but has no influence on the mechanical stability of the beads during compression. Calculations of the shear modulus by means of the squeezing data result in good agreement in comparison to the shear moduli measured by rheological frequency sweep tests. With scanning electron microscopy, we could analyze the molecular structure of such composite systems, and we observed a homogeneous distribution of the MNPs within the gel matrix.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bevan DN, Gilson CD, Thomas A (1995) Biotechnol Tech 9:913
Kuo CK, Ma PX (2001) Biomaterials 22:511
Hester-Reilly HJ, Shapley NC (2007) J Magn Reson 188:168
Jen AC, Wake MC, Mikos AG (1995) Biotechnol Bioeng 50:357–364
Smidsrød O, Skjåk-Bræk G (1990) Trends Biotechnol 8:71–78
Martinsen A, Storrø I, Skjåk-Bræk G (1992) Biotechnol Bioeng 39:186–194
Indergaard M, Østergaard K (1991) In: Gury MD, Blunden G (eds) Seaweed resources in Europe: use and potential. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp 169–184
Mørch ÝA, Donati I, Strand BL, Skjåk-Bræk G (2006) Biomacromolecules 7:1471–1480
Hassan RM, Makhlouf MT, El-Shatoury SA (1992) Colloid Polym Sci 270:1237–1242
Murano E (1998) J Appl Ichthyol 14:245
Banerjee A, Nayak D, Lahiri S (2007) Biochem Eng J 33:260
Chandy T, Mooradian DL, Rao GHR (1999) J Artif Organs 23:894
Hochmuth RM, Waugh RE (1987) Annu Rev Physiol 49:209
Smidsrød O (1974) Faraday Disc Chem Soc 57:263
Klein J, Stock J, Vorlop KD (1983) Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 18:257
Gal A, Nussinovitch A (2007) J Pharm Sci 96:168
Souza KC, Ardisson JD, Sousa EMB (2009) J Mater Sci Mater Med 20:507
Babincova M, Cicmanec P, Altanerova V, Altaner C, Babinec P (2002) Bioelectrochemistry 55:17
Liu TY, Hu SH, Liu KH, Liu DM, Chen SY (2006) J Magn Magn Mater 304:e397
Liu TY, Hu SH, Liu KH, Liu DM, Chen SY (2006) Langmuir 22:5974
Hu SH, Liu TY, Liu DM, Chen SY (2007) Macromolecules 40:6786
Hu SH, Liu TY, Huang HY, Liu DM, Chen SY (2008) Langmuir 24:239
Liu TY, Hu SH, Liu KH, Shaiu RS, Liu DM, Chen SY (2008) Langmuir 24:13306
Wang FQ, Li P, Zhang JP, Wang AQ, Wei Q (2010) Drug Dev Ind Pharm 36:867
Liu HX, Wang CY, Gao QX, Chen JX, Ren BY, Liu XX (2009) Int J Pharmaceutics 376:92
Matsumoto T, Mashiko K (1990) Biopolymers 29:1707
Smidsrød O, Haug A (1965) Acta Chem Scand 19:329
Nussinovitch A, Peleg M (1990) J Texture Studies 21:51
Thu B, Bruheim P, Espevik T, Smidsrød O, Soon-Shiong P, Skjak-Bræk G (1996) Biomaterials 17:1069
Haug A, Smidsrød O (1965) Acta Chem Scand 19:341
Smidsrød O (1974) Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 57:263
Yamagiwa K, Kozawa T, Ohkawa A (1995) J Chem Eng Jpn 28:462
Martinsen A, Skjak-Bræk G, Smidsrød O (1989) Biotechnol Bioeng 33:79
Chang KS, Olbricht WL (1993) J Fluid Mech 250:587
Pieper G, Rehage H, Barthès-Biesel D (1998) J Colloid Interface Sci 202:293
Husmann M, Rehage H, Dhenin E, Barthès-Biesel D (2005) J Colloid Interface Sci 282:109
Leick S, Degen P, Henning S, Suter D, Rehage H (2010) Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:2950
Liu KK, Williams DR, Briscoe B (1996) J Physical Review E 54:6673
Rachik M, Barthès-Biesel D, Carin M, Edwards-Levy F (2006) J Colloid Interface Sci 301:217
Carin M, Barthès-Biesel D, Andrei DC (2003) Biotechnol Bioeng 82:207
Wan LQ, Jiang J, Arnold DE, Guo XE, Lu HH, Mow VC (2008) Cell Mol Bioeng 1:93
Degen P, Leick S, Rehage H (2009) Z Phys Chem Int Ed 223:1079
Edwards-Lévy F, Lévy MC (1999) Biomaterials 20:2069
Rehor L, Canaple Z, Zhang D, Hunkeler J (2001) J Biomater Sci Polymer Ed 12:157
Rodriguez F, Patel SK, Cohen C (1990) J Appl Polym Sci 40:285
Khalafalla SE, Reimers GW (1980) IEEE Transactions ons on Magnetics 16:455
Sun G, Zhang Z (2002) Int J Pharm 242:307
Wloka M, PhD Thesis, University of Dortmund, Germany, 2006
Storker TM, Kurt ID, Skjåk-Bræk G, Smidsrød O (1992) Carbohydr Polym 19:279
Zhang J, Daubert CR, Foegeding EA (2007) J Food Eng 80:157
Mitchell JR, Blanshard JM (1976) J Texture Studies 7:219
LeRoux MA, Guilak F, Setton LA (1999) J Biomed Mater Res 47:46
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Dr. Michael Paulus, member of the Delta Dortmund for providing XRD measurements.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(PDF 402 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Degen, P., Leick, S., Siedenbiedel, F. et al. Magnetic switchable alginate beads. Colloid Polym Sci 290, 97–106 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-011-2524-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-011-2524-7