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Inflammatory crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and gut microbiota–white adipose tissue axis

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Abstract

Purpose

High-fat diets have different metabolic responses via gut dysbiosis. In this review, we discuss the complex interaction between the intake of long- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs), gut microbiota, and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction, particularly focusing on the type of fat.

Results

The evidence for the impact of dietary SFAs on the gut microbiota–WAT axis has been mostly derived from in vitro and animal models, but there is now also evidence emerging from human studies. Most current reports show that, in response to high long- and medium-chain SFA diets, WAT functions are altered and can be modulated from microbial metabolites in several manners; and it appears to be also modified under conditions of obesity. SFAs overconsumption can reduce bacterial content and disrupt the gut environment. Both long- and medium-chain SFAs may contribute to proinflammatory cytokines release and TLR4 cascade signaling, either by regulation of endotoxemia markers or myristoylated protein. Palmitic and stearic acids have pathological effects on the intestinal epithelium, microbes, and inflammatory and lipogenic WAT profiles. While myristic and lauric acids display somewhat controversial outcomes, from probiotic effects and contribution to weight loss to cardiometabolic alterations from WAT inflammation.

Conclusion

Identifying an interference of distinct types of SFA in the binomial gut microbiota–WAT may elucidate essential mechanisms of metabolic endotoxemia, which may be the key to triggering obesity, innovating the therapeutic tools for this disease.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Dylbert Fragoso for technical assistance in the English language.

Funding

This work was supported by “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq” through fellowships (305725/2020-3; 164013/2020-2).

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  1. Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Giovana Jamar & Luciana Pellegrini Pisani

  2. Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Laboratory of Nutrition and Endocrine Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136/311, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil

    Giovana Jamar & Luciana Pellegrini Pisani

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GJ conducted the literature search conceptualized and executed the review and drafted the first manuscript. LPP guided the development of the work. All the authors approved the final version of the manuscript and takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability, freedom from bias, and interpretation of the data presented.

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Correspondence to Luciana Pellegrini Pisani.

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Jamar, G., Pisani, L.P. Inflammatory crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and gut microbiota–white adipose tissue axis. Eur J Nutr 62, 1077–1091 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03062-z

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