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Characterization of metabolites and biomarkers for the probiotic effects of Clostridium cochlearium on high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice

European Journal of Nutrition volume 61, pages 2217–2229 (2022)Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 06 April 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

Purpose

Probiotic species of butyrate producers have been investigated for the potential in preventing and treating obesity and overweight. However, Clostridium cochlearium has not been linked with any health benefits. We hypothesized that C. cochlearium could be a promising new probiotic with health benefits in improving body weight control and insulin sensitivity.

Methods

Productions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were characterized for C. cochlearium by NMR and GC–MS analyses. Probiotic effects of C. cochlearium were evaluated through diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mice. The influence of C. cochlearium administration on gut SCFAs was measured using GC–MS. LC–MS-based untargeted metabolomic profiling and multivariate analysis were used to assess the serum metabolic alteration, identify biomarkers and pathways in response to the C. cochlearium administration.

Results

After 17 weeks of diet intervention, body weight gain of CC group (fed with a high-fat diet supplemented with C. cochlearium) showed a 21.86% reduction from the high-fat diet (HF) control group (P < 0.001), which was specifically reflected on the significantly lowered fat mass (CC vs HF, 17.19 g vs 22.86 g, P < 0.0001) and fat percentage (CC vs HF, 41.25% vs 47.10%, P < 0.0001), and increased lean percentage (CC vs HF, 46.63% vs 43.72%, P < 0.05). C. cochlearium administration significantly reduced fasting blood glucose from week 8 (P < 0.05 or 0.01), and eventually improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR, CC vs HF, 63.77 vs 143.13, P < 0.05). Overall lowered levels of SCFAs were observed in the gut content of CC group. Metabolomic analysis enabled the identification of 53 discriminatory metabolites and 24 altered pathways between CC and HF groups. In particularly, most of the pathway-matched metabolites showed positive correlations with body weight, which included glutamate, phenylalanine, ornithine, PCs, LPCs, AcCas, proline, 5,6-dihydrouracil, pyroglutamic acid, and 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate.

Conclusions

The beneficial effects of C. cochlearium could be related to its ability to restore certain obesity-driven biomarkers and pathways, especially downregulating pathways related to specific amino acids, PCs, LPCs and AcCas. Further research is warranted to investigate related metabolites and metabolic pathways. C. cochlearium may be developed as a promising new probiotic for the prevention or alleviation of obesity and diabetes in human.

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Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Systems Mass Spectrometry Core (SyMS-C) at the Georgia Institute of Technology for the LC-MS data acquisition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA

    Fei Yang, Wenjun Zhu, Paba Edirisuriya, Qing Ai, Kai Nie & Kequan Zhou

  2. Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA

    Xiangming Ji

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Contributions

Responsibilities were as follows: KZ and WZ designed the research, provided essential materials, and edited the manuscript. FY, WZ, PE and QA conducted the research. XJ provided essential instruments for the LC–MS data acquisition. FY analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. KZ had primary responsibility for the final content. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kequan Zhou.

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The authors declare that they had no conflict of interest.

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The protocol of animal study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.

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Yang, F., Zhu, W., Edirisuriya, P. et al. Characterization of metabolites and biomarkers for the probiotic effects of Clostridium cochlearium on high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Nutr 61, 2217–2229 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02840-z

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Keywords

  • C. cochlearium
  • Body weight control
  • Insulin sensitivity
  • Metabolomic analysis
  • High-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice