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Magnesium intake is inversely associated with risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among American adults

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Abstract

Purpose

Human data are limited linking magnesium (Mg) intake to the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to examine the association between Mg intake and the risk of NAFLD among young adults in the US with a 25-year follow-up.

Methods

This study included 2685 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adult (CARDIA) study. Diet and dietary supplements were assessed at baseline (1985–1986) and exam years 7 and 20 using an interview-based dietary history. NAFLD, defined as liver attenuation ≤ 51 Hounsfield Units excluding secondary causes of liver fat accumulation, was identified by non-contrast-computed tomography scanning at exam year 25. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model was used to examine the associations between cumulative average total intake of Mg (dietary plus supplemental) and NAFLD odds.

Results

A total of 629 NAFLD cases were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, an inverse association between total Mg intake and NAFLD odds was observed. Compared to participants in the lowest quintile of total Mg intake, the odds of NAFLD was 55% lower among individuals in the highest quintile [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.23, 0.85), p for trend = 0.03]. Consistently, whole-grain consumption, a major dietary source of Mg, was inversely associated with NAFLD odds (p for trend = 0.02).

Conclusions

This study suggests that higher cumulative intake of Mg throughout adulthood is associated with lower odds of NAFLD in midlife. Future studies are needed to establish a possible causal relationship.

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Data and material described in the manuscript will be made available upon request pending.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank all the investigators and the staff working for the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study for their technical and practical support. We also gratefully acknowledge all the participants in CARDIA study for their valuable contribution.

Funding

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study is supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham (HHSN268201800005I and HHSN268201800007I), Northwestern University (HHSN268201800003I), University of Minnesota (HHSN268201800006I), and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (HHSN26820100004I). Representatives of the funding agency have been involved in the review of the manuscript but not directly involved in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data. This study was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants (R01HL081572 and R01DK116603).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Liping Lu, Cheng Chen & Ka Kahe

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Liping Lu, Cheng Chen & Ka Kahe

  3. Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Yuexia Li, Wenzhi Guo & Shuijun Zhang

  4. Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Yuexia Li, Wenzhi Guo & Shuijun Zhang

  5. Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    John Brockman

  6. Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    James M. Shikany

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  1. Liping Lu
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Contributions

All authors have contributed significantly to the submitted article. KK contributed to the conceptualization and study design. LL and CC contributed to data interpretation, methodology, and statistical analysis. LL wrote the original draft. KK, LL, CC, YL, WG, SZ, JB and JMS contributed to the review and critical revision of the manuscript. KK had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and gave the final approval.

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Correspondence to Ka Kahe.

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The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest regarding the content of this article.

Ethical approval

All participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study provided written informed consent at each exam, with all procedures approved annually by institutional review boards at each field center and coordinating center. The ethical approval number for this study is 1907082670.

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Lu, L., Chen, C., Li, Y. et al. Magnesium intake is inversely associated with risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among American adults. Eur J Nutr 61, 1245–1254 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02732-8

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