Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial

Table 5 Serum fasting concentrations of lipids, NEFA and total bile acids at baseline and after 8 weeks*

	Baseline		8 weeks		P†	P‡
	Median	25th, 75th percentile	Median	25th, 75th percentile	P†	P‡
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/l
Cod group	5.7	4.5,6.1	5.5	4.3,6.4	0.84	0.26
Salmon group	5.0	4.4,5.5	4.8	4.2,5.4	0.10
Control group	5.2	4.4,5.5	5.0	4.3,5.4	0.19
Serum HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l
Cod group	1.3	1.0,1.5	1.3	0.9,1.5	0.59	0.21
Salmon group	1.3	1.2,1.4	1.3	1.0,1.4	0.48
Control group	1.3	1.1,1.6	1.2	1.0,1.5	0.0075
Serum LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l
Cod group	3.5	2,6,4.5	3.6	2.6,4.4	0.30	0.39
Salmon group	3.2	2.6,3.6	3.1	2.4,3.5	0.30
Control group	3.4	2.5,3.6	3.2	2.5,3.5	0.97
Serum triacylglycerols, mmol/l
Cod group	1.26	1.08,1.93	1.20	0.91,1.64	0.78	0.33
Salmon group	0.98	0.76,1.45	1.00	0.73,1.53	0.76
Control group	1.35	0.90,1.69	1.41	0.91,1.83	0.32
Serum NEFA, mmol/l
Cod group	0.50	0.39,0.70	0.52	0.37,0.64	0.88	0.92
Salmon group	0.51	0.43,0.71	0.48	0.37,0.56	0.38
Control group	0.56	0.35,0.66	0.52	0.45,0.63	0.89
Serum total bile acids, µmol/l
Cod group	1.0	0.7,2.3	1.5	0.5,2.0	0.81	0.41
Salmon group	1.0	0.6,3.0	1.0	0.8,2.0	0.70
Control group	1.0	0.8,3.0	2.5	1.0,3.0	0.42

Medians and 25th and 75th percentiles
^*No differences were seen between the groups at the baseline (Kruskal –Wallis test). Results are presented for 22 participants in the Cod group, 22 participants in the Salmon group and 19 participants in the control group. NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids
^†Within-group changes are tested using the Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test
^‡Changes within Cod group, Salmon group and Control group are compared using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with adjustment for baseline values after log transformation