Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on body weight in healthy subjects aged 16 years and above

European Journal of Nutrition volume 59, pages 2291–2316 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

Studies on the effect of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting (RDIF) on body weight have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the effect size of body weight changes in healthy, non-athletic Muslims practicing Ramadan fasting, and to assess the effect of covariates such as age, sex, fasting time duration, season, and country, using subgroup analysis, and meta-regression. Covariate adjustments were performed to explain the variability of weight change in response to Ramadan fasting.

Methods

CINAHL, Cochrane, EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Google Scholar, ProQuest Medical, PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from date of inception in 1950 to the end of August 2019.

Results

Eighty-five studies, conducted in 25 countries during 1982–2019, were identified. RDIF yielded a significant, but small reduction in body weight (K = 85, number of subjects, N = 4176 (aged 16–80 years), Hedges’ g =− 0.360, 95% confidence interval (CI) − 0.405 to − 0.315, I2 = 45.6%), this effect size translates into difference in means of − 1.022 kg (95% CI − 1.164 kg to − 0.880 kg). Regression analysis for moderator covariates revealed that fasting time (min/day) is a significant (P < 0.05) moderator for weight change at the end of Ramadan, while age and sex are not. Variable effects for the season and country were found.

Conclusion

RDIF may confer a significant small reduction in body weight in non-athletic healthy people aged 16 years and above, directly associated with fasting time and variably correlated with the season, and country.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

References

  1. Tremmel M, Gerdtham U-G, Nilsson P, Saha S (2017) Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040435

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Varady K (2011) Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss? Obesity Rev 12:e593–e601

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hruby A, Hu FB (2015) The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmaco Economics 33:673–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sundfør T, Svendsen M (2018) Effect of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, maintenance, and cardiometabolic risk: a randomized 1-year trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 28:698–706

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, Cutler RG, Evans G, Whiteside S, Maudsley S, Camandola S, Wang R, Carlson OD, Egan JM, Mattson MP, Howell A (2013) The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br J Nutri 110:1534–1547. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513000792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Freire R (2020) Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets. Nutrition 69:110549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Azizi F (2010) Islamic fasting and health. Ann Nutr Metab 56:273–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sakr AH (1975) Fasting in Islam. J Am Diet Assoc 67:17–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Davis CS, Clarke RE, Coulter SN, Rounsefell KN, Walker RE, Rauch CE, Huggins CE, Ryan L (2015) Intermittent energy restriction and weight loss: a systematic review. Euro J Clin Nutr 70:292. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Seimon RV, Roekenes JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP, Wood RE, King NA, Byrne NM, Sainsbury A (2015) Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Mol Cell Endoc 418:153–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Headland M, Clifton P, Carter S, Keogh J (2016) Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intermittent energy restriction trials lasting a minimum of 6 months. Nutrients 8:354. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8060354

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Antoni R, Johnston KL, Collins AL, Robertson MD (2017) Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism. Proceed Nutr Soci 76:361–368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Trepanowski JF, Canale RE, Marshall KE, Kabir MM, Bloomer RJ (2011) Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings. Nutr J 10:107. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Gabel K, Freels S, Rigdon J, Rood J (2017) Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Int Med 177:930–938

    Google Scholar 

  15. Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, Marcolin G, Pacelli QF, Battaglia G, Palma A, Gentil P, Neri M, Paoli A (2016) Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J Transl Med 14:290

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S (2017) Popular weight loss strategies: a review of four weight loss techniques. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 19(12):61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, Lacroix AZ, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Senger CM, Martínez ME, Villaseñor A, Sears DD, Marinac CR, Gallo LC (2015) Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. J Acad Nutr Diet 115:1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Patterson RE, Sears DD (2017) Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting. Annu Rev Nutr 37:371–393. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Faris M, Jahrami HA, Alsibai J, Obaideen AA (2019) Impact of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on metabolic syndrome components in healthy, non-athletic Muslim people aged over 15 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 4:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451900254X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 283:2008–2012. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nachvak SM, Pasdar Y, Pirsaheb S, Darbandi M, Niazi P, Mostafai R, Speakman JR (2018) Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 73:594–600. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0189-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Meo SA, Hassan A (2015) Physiological changes during fasting in Ramadan. J Pak Med Assoc 65:S6–S14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Radhakishun N, Blokhuis C, van Vliet M, von Rosenstiel I, Weijer O, Heymans M, Beijnen J, Brandjes D, Diamant M (2014) Intermittent fasting during Ramadan causes a transient increase in total, LDL, and HDL cholesterols and hs-CRP in ethnic obese adolescents. Eur J Ped 173:1103–1106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Altman D, Machin D, Bryant T, Gardner M (2013) Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  25. Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis (Vers 2). Biostat, Inc, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  26. Higgins JP, Green S (2011) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions-Identifying and measuring heterogeneity, 4th edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  27. Higgins JP, Green S (2011) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions-Incorporating heterogeneity into random-effects models, 4th edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chen H, Manning AK, Dupuis J (2012) A method of moments estimator for random effect multivariate meta-analysis. Biometrics 68:1278–1284

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Duval S, Tweedie R (2000) A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. J Am Stat Ass 95:89–98

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kayikçioğlu Ö, Erkin EF, Erakgün T (1998) The influence of religious fasting on basal tear secretion and tear break-up time. Intern Ophthal 22:67–69

    Google Scholar 

  31. Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ (2010) The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J 9:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-57

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA (2014) Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pub Health Nutr 17:396–406

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fernando H, Zibellini J, Harris R, Seimon R, Sainsbury A (2019) Effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition in healthy non-athlete adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11:478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020478

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Kul S, Savaş E, Öztürk ZA, Karadağ G (2014) Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. J Relig Health 53:929–942

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Al-barha NS, Aljaloud KS (2018) The effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition and metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy men. Am J Mens Health 13(1):1557988318816925. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318816925

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri S, Mohajeri SR, Motaghedi Larijani A, Nematy M (2013) Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study. J Hum Nutr Diet 26:97–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ramadan J (2002) Does fasting during Ramadan alter body composition, blood constituents, and physical performance? Med Princ Pract 11:41–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fahrial Syam A, Suryani Sobur C, Abdullah M, Makmun D (2016) Ramadan fasting decreases body fat but not protein mass. Int J Endocrinol Metab 14:e29687–e29687. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.29687

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Yucel A, Degirmenci B, Acar M, Albayrak R, Haktanir A (2004) The effect of fasting month of Ramadan on the abdominal fat distribution: assessment by computed tomography. Tohoku J Exp Med 204:179–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Faris M, Madkour MI, Obaideen AK, Dalah EZ, Hasan HA, Radwan HM, Jahrami HA, Hamdy O, Mohammad MG (2019) Effect of Ramadan diurnal fasting on visceral adiposity and serum adipokines in overweight and obese individuals. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 153:166–175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Barkia A, Mohamed K, Smaoui M, Zouari N, Hammami M, Nasri M (2011) Change of diet, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and fatty acids during Ramadan: a controversial association of the considered Ramadan model with atherosclerosis risk. J Health Popul Nutr 29(5):486–493

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Lamri-Senhadji M, El Kebir B, BellevilleBouchenak JMJSMJ (2009) Assessment of dietary consumption and time-course of changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins before, during, and after Ramadan in young Algerian adults. Singap Med J 50:288–294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Abedelmalek S, Souissi N, Takayuki A, Hadouk S, Tabka Z (2011) Effect of acute maximal exercise on circulating levels of interleukin-12 during Ramadan fasting. Asian J Sport Med 2:154–160

    Google Scholar 

  44. Alzoghaibi MA, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sharif MM, BaHammam AS (2014) Diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan: the effects on leptin and ghrelin levels. PLoS ONE 9:e92214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Develioglu ON, Kucur M, Ipek HD, Celebi S, Can G, Kulekci M (2013) Effects of Ramadan fasting on serum immunoglobulin G and M, and salivary immunoglobulin A concentrations. J Int Med Res 41:463–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060513476424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Faris M, Jahrami HA, Obaideen AA, Madkour MI (2019) Impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in healthy people: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Intermed Metab 15:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2018.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Adawi M, Watad A, Brown S, Aazza K, Aazza H, Zouhir M, Sharif K, Ghanayem K, Farah R, Mahagna H (2017) Ramadan fasting exerts immunomodulatory effects: insights from a systematic review. Front Immunol 8:1144

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Akrami FM, Ahmadi Z, Hassanshahi G, Akrami EM, Ravari A, Ghalebi SR (2013) Dose Ramadan fasting affects inflammatory responses: evidences for modulatory roles of this unique nutritional status via chemokine network. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16:1217–1222

    Google Scholar 

  49. Mohammadzade F, Vakili M, Seyediniaki A, Amirkhanloo S, Farajolahi M, Akbari H (2017) Effect of prolonged intermittent fasting in Ramadan on biochemical and inflammatory parameters of healthy men. J Clin Basic Res 1:38–46

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mushtaq R, Akram A, Mushtaq R, Khwaja S, Jo ASJPMS (2019) The role of inflammatory markers following Ramadan fasting. Pak J Med Sci 35(77–81):35

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shariatpanahi MV, Shariatpanahi ZV, Shahbazi S, Moshtaqi M (2012) Effect of fasting with two meals on BMI and inflammatory markers of metabolic syndrome. Pak J Biol Sci 15:255–258

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ibrahim WH, Habib HM, Jarrar AH, Al-Baz SA (2008) Effect of Ramadan fasting on markers of oxidative stress and serum biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects. Ann Nutr Met. https://doi.org/10.1159/000172979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Mahmood MM, Mohammed KI (2010) Effect of Ramadan fasting on the levels of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokines. Diyala J Pure Sci 6:308–313

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pallayova M, Zaghloul HB, Aror T, Choudhury SM, Omar OM, Chagoury OL, Taheri S (2017) Investigating physiological glucose excursions before, during, and after Ramadan in adults without diabetes mellitus. Physiol Behav 179:110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Prasetya G, Sapwarobol S (2018) Intermittent fasting during Ramadan improves insulin sensitivity and anthropometric parameters in healthy young Muslim men. Am J Lifestyle Med. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827618815430

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Alkandari JR, Maughan RJ, Roky R, Aziz AR, Karli U (2012) The implications of Ramadan fasting for human health and well-being. J Sport Sci 30:S9–S19

    Google Scholar 

  57. Alam I, Gul R, Chong J, Tan CTY, Chin HX, Wong G, Doggui R, Larbi A (2019) Recurrent circadian fasting (RCF) improves blood pressure, biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk and regulates inflammation in men. J Transl Med 17:1–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Salehi M (2016) Effects of Ramadan fasting on blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a systematic review. J Fasting Health 4:17–21

    Google Scholar 

  59. Assadi M, Akrami A, Beikzadeh F, Seyedabadi M, Nabipour I, Larijani B, Afarid M, Seidali E (2011) Impact of Ramadan fasting on intraocular pressure, visual acuity and refractive errors. Singap Med J 52:263–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Malekmakan L, Sayadi M, Pakfetrat M, Moosavi B, Mousavinezhad H (2017) The Effect of fasting on anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels: a report from southern Iran. Int Cardiov Res J 11:143–147

    Google Scholar 

  61. Norouzy A, Hasanzade Daloee M, Khoshnasab AH, Khoshnasab A, Farrokhi J, Nematy M, Safarian M, Nezafati P, Alinezhad-Namaghi M (2017) Trend of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive volunteers during Ramadan fasting. Blood Press Monit 22:253–257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sijavand MSA, Shahsavan F, Askarizadeh F, Namaty M, Heravian J, Mahmodi Z, Rakhshandadi T, Sedaghat MR (2015) Effect of Ramadan fasting on blood pressure and lipid profiles. J Nutr Fasting Health 3:126–131

    Google Scholar 

  63. Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, Ghozzi H, Masmoudi L, Jammoussi K, Hakim A (2011) Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sport Med 2:134–144

    Google Scholar 

  64. Sweileh N, Schnitzler A, Hunter G, Davis B (1992) Body composition and energy metabolism in resting and exercising Muslims during Ramadan fast. J Sport Med Physi Fit 32:156–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Stannard SR, Thompson MW (2008) The effect of participation in Ramadan on substrate selection during submaximal cycling exercise. J Sci Med Sport 11:510–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.03.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Racinais S, Periard JD, Li CK, Grantham J (2012) Activity patterns, body composition, and muscle function during Ramadan in a Middle-East Muslim country. Int J Sports Med 33:641–646. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1304645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Takruri HR (1989) Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body weight. Saudi Med J 10:491–494

    Google Scholar 

  68. Pérez-Martínez P, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Bullo M, Couture P, Covas MI, de Koning L, Delgado-Lista J, Díaz-López A, Drevon CA (2017) Lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome: an international panel recommendation. Nutr Rev 75(5):307–326

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Abd El-Kader SM, Saiem Al-Dahr MH (2016) Impact of weight loss on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Afr Health Sci 16:725–733. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i3.12

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Huang C-J, McAllister MJ, Slusher AL, Webb HE, Mock JT, Acevedo EO (2015) Obesity-related oxidative stress: the impact of physical activity and diet manipulation. Sport Med 1:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0031-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hajer GR, van der Graaf Y, Olijhoek JK, Edlinger M, Visseren FL (2007) Low plasma levels of adiponectin are associated with low risk for future cardiovascular events in patients with clinical evident vascular disease. Am Heart J 154:750

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Madkour MI, El-Serafi AT, Jahrami HA, Sherif NM, Hassan RE, Awadallah S (2019) Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting modulates SOD2, TFAM, Nrf2, and sirtuins (SIRT1, SIRT3) gene expressions in subjects with overweight and obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 155:107801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen M-R, Groop L (2001) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24:683–689

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Feizollahzadeh S, Rasuli J, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M (2014) Augmented plasma adiponectin after prolonged fasting during Ramadan in men. Health Promot Perspect 4:77–81

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Vardarli MC, Hammes H-P, Vardarli I (2014) Possible metabolic impact of Ramadan fasting in healthy men. Turk J Med Sci 44:1010–1020

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hosseini SRA, Sardar MA, Hejazi K, Farahati S (2015) The effects of aerobic exercise during Ramadan on the levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight women. J Fasting Health 3:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  77. Shirai K (2004) Obesity as the core of the metabolic syndrome and the management of coronary heart disease. Curr Med Res Opin 20:295–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Khan Khattak MMA, Abu Bakar I, Yeim L (2012) Does religious fasting increase the fat-free mass (FFM) and reduce abdominal obesity? Nutr Food Sci 42:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  79. Harder-Lauridsen NM, Rosenberg A, Benatti FB, Damm JA, Thomsen C, Mortensen EL, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen RJN (2017) Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28 d had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean men. Nutrition 37:92–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. SaA A, Ismail M, Baker A, Blair J, Adebayo A, Kelly L, Chandurkar V, Cheema S, Joanisse DR, Basset FA (2017) The effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in healthy men. Br J Nut 118:1023–1030

    Google Scholar 

  81. Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL (2019) Effectiveness of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding compared to continuous energy restriction for weight loss. Nutrients 11:2442

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, Leblanc M, Chaix A, Joens M, Fitzpatrick JA (2012) Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Met 15:848–860

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Chaix A, Lin T, Le HD, Chang MW, Panda S (2019) Time-restricted feeding prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice lacking a circadian clock. Cell Met 29(303–319):e304

    Google Scholar 

  84. Chaix A, Zarrinpar A, Miu P, Panda S (2014) Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges. Cell Met 20:991–1005

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Alemán-Mateo H, Salazar G, Hernández-Triana M, Valencia M (2006) Total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and physical activity level in free-living rural elderly men and women from Cuba, Chile, and Mexico. Eur J Clin Nutr 60:1258–1265

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. BaHammam A, Alrajeh M, Albabtain M, Bahammam S, Sharif M (2010) Circadian pattern of sleep, energy expenditure, and body temperature of young, healthy men during the intermittent fasting of Ramadan. Appetite 54:426–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lessan N, Saadane I, Alkaf B, Hambly C, Buckley AJ, Finer N, Speakman JR, Barakat MT (2018) The effects of Ramadan fasting on activity and energy expenditure. Am J Clic Nutr 107:54–61

    Google Scholar 

  88. Al-Hourani H, Atoum M (2007) Body composition, nutrient intake, and physical activity patterns in young women during Ramadan. Singap Med J 48:906–910

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Faris M, Kacimi S, RaA A-K, Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK, Salem ML (2012) Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects. Nutr Res 32:947–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Yeoh E, Zainudin SB, Loh WN, Chua CL, Fun S, Subramaniam T, Sum CF, Lim SC (2015) Fasting during Ramadan and associated changes in glycemia, caloric intake and body composition with gender differences in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap 44:202–206

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mazidi M, Karimi E, Rezaee P, Nematy M, Salehi M (2014) The effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition. Shiraz E-Med J 15:e19733

    Google Scholar 

  92. Lessan N, Ali T (2019) Energy metabolism and intermittent fasting: the Ramadan perspective. Nutrients 11:1192

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Gotthardt JD, Verpeut JL, Yeomans BL, Yang JA, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA, Bello NT (2015) Intermittent fasting promotes fat loss with lean mass retention, increased hypothalamic norepinephrine content, and increased neuropeptide Y gene expression in diet-induced obese male mice. Endocrinology 157:679–691

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, Cuzick J, Jebb SA, Martin B, Cutler RG (2011) The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. Int J Obesity 35:714

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Di Francesco A, Di Germanio C, Bernier M, de Cabo R (2018) A time to fast. Science 362:770–775

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Gabel K, Hoddy KK, Haggerty N, Song J, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Panda S, Varady KA (2018) Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: a pilot study. Nutr Healthy Aging 4:345–353

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Subhan MM, Siddiqui QA, Khan MN, Sabir S (2006) Does Ramadan fasting affect expiratory flow rates in healthy subjects? Saudi Med J 2:1656–1660

    Google Scholar 

  98. Suriani I, Shamsuddin K, Khalib A, Hazizi A, Latifah A (2014) Ramadan fasting and voluntary fasting-potential weight loss and weight maintenance opportunity for overweight and obese Muslims. Int J Public Health Clin Sci 1:28–29

    Google Scholar 

  99. Ismail S, Manaf RA, Mahmud A, Shamsuddin K (2018) Influence of an intervention program promoting voluntary fasting practices and its perceived barriers among overweight or obese Muslim women working in the public sector, Malaysia. Malay J Med Health Sci 14:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  100. Ismail S, Shamsuddin K, Khalib A, Hazizi A, Latifah A, Fadlan M (2015) Comparing the sustainability of an Islamic dietary intervention to maintain weight loss six months after Ramadan between intervention and control groups. J Fasting Health 3:86–93

    Google Scholar 

  101. Ismail S, Shamsuddin K, Latiff KA, Saad HA, Majid LA, Othman FM (2015) Voluntary fasting to control post-Ramadan weight gain among overweight and obese women. Sultan Qaboos Univ Medi J 1:e98–e104

    Google Scholar 

  102. Faris M, Jahrami H, Alhayki F, Alkhawaja N, Ali A, Aljeeb S, Abdulghani I, BaHammam A (2019) Effect of diurnal fasting on sleep during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-019-01986-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Almeneessier AS, BaHammam AA, Alzoghaibi M, Olaish AH, Nashwan SZ, BaHammam AS (2019) The effects of diurnal intermittent fasting on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels while controlling for sleep/wake pattern, meal composition, and energy expenditure. PLoS ONE 14:e0226034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Fedail SS, Murphy D, Salih S, Bolton C, Harvey R (1982) Changes in certain blood constituents during Ramadan. Am J Clin Nutr 36:350–353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Azizi F, Rasouli H (1987) Serum glucose, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, protein, and albumin concentrations during Ramadan. Med J Islamic Rep Iran 1:38–41

    Google Scholar 

  106. El Ati J, Beji C, Danguir J (1995) Increased fat oxidation during Ramadan fasting in healthy women: an adaptative mechanism for body-weight maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 62:302–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Adlouni A, Ghalim N, Benslimane A, Lecerf JM, Saïle R (1997) Fasting during Ramadan induces a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ann Nutr Met 41:242–249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Finch GM, Day JE, Welch DA, Rogers PJ (1998) Appetite changes under free-living conditions during Ramadan fasting. Appetite 31:159–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Maislos M, Abou-Rabiah Y, Zuili I, Iordash S, Shany S (1998) Gorging and plasma HDL-cholesterol-the Ramadan model. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:127–130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Bilto YY (1998) Effects of Ramadan fasting on body weight and the biochemical and haematological parameters of the blood. Arab Gulf J Sci Res 16:1–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Akanji A, Mojiminiyi O, Abdella N (2000) Beneficial changes in serum apo A-1 and its ratio to apo B and HDL in stable hyperlipidaemic subjects after Ramadan fasting in Kuwait. Eur J Clin Nutr 54:508–513

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Afrasiabi A, Hassanzadeh S, Sattarivand R, Mahboob S (2003) Effects of Ramadan fasting on serum lipid profiles on 2 hyperlipidemic groups with or without diet pattern. Saudi Med J 24:23–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kassab S, Abdul-Ghaffar T, Nagalla DS, Sachdeva U, Nayar U (2003) Serum leptin and insulin levels during chronic diurnal fasting. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 12:483–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Fakhrzadeh H, Larijani B, Sanjari M, Baradar-Jalili R, Amini M (2003) Effect of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical parameters in healthy adults. Annal Saudi Med 23:223–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rahman M, Rashid M, Basher S, Sultana S, Nomani M (2004) Improved serum HDL cholesterol profile among Bangladeshi male students during Ramadan fasting. East Mediterr Health J 10:131–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Kassab S, Abdul-Ghaffar T, Nagalla DS, Sachdeva U, Nayar U (2004) Interactions between leptin, neuropeptide-Y, and insulin with chronic diurnal fasting during Ramadan. Annal Saudi Med 24:345–349

    Google Scholar 

  117. Aksungar FB, Eren A, Ure S, Teskin O, Ates G (2005) Effects of intermittent fasting on serum lipid levels, coagulation status, and plasma homocysteine levels. Ann Nutr Metab 49(2):77–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Farshidfar G, Yousfi H, Vakili M, Asadi Noughabi F (2006) The effect of Ramadan fasting on hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood biochemical parameters. J Res Health Sci 6:21–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Al-Numair N (2006) Body weight and some biochemical changes associated with Ramadan fasting in healthy Saudi men. J Med Sci 6:112–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ziaee V, Razaei M, Ahmadinejad Z, Shaikh H, Yousefi R, Yarmohammadi L, Bozorgi F, Behjati MJ (2006) The changes of metabolic profile and weight during Ramadan fasting. Singap Med J 47:409–414

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Dewanti L, Watanabe C, Ohtsuka R (2006) Unexpected changes in blood pressure and hematological parameters among fasting and nonfasting workers during Ramadan in Indonesia. Eur J Clin Nutr 60:877–881

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Salehi M, Neghab M (2007) Effects of fasting and a medium calorie balanced diet during the holy month Ramadan on weight, BMI, and some blood parameters of overweight males. Pak J Biol Sci 10:968–971

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Al Hourani HM, Atoum MF, Akel S, Hijjawi N, Awawdeh S (2009) Effects of Ramadan fasting on some haematological and biochemical parameters. Jordan J Biol Sci 2:103–108

    Google Scholar 

  124. Mansi KMS (2007) Study the effects of Ramadan fasting on the serum glucose and lipid profile among healthy Jordanian students. Am J Appl Sci 4:565–569

    Google Scholar 

  125. Moosavi S, Kabir A, Moghimi A, Chehrei A, Rad MB (2007) Evaluation of the effect of Islamic fasting on lung volumes and capacities in healthy persons. Saudi Med J 28:1666–1670

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Ibrahim WH, Habib HM, Jarrar AH, Al-Baz SA (2008) Effect of Ramadan fasting on markers of oxidative stress and serum biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects. Annal Nutr Met 53:175–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Shariatpanahi ZV, Shariatpanahi MV, Shahbazi S, Hossaini A, Abadi A (2008) Effect of Ramadan fasting on some indices of insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in healthy male adults. Br J Nutr 100:147–151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Norouzy A, Salehi M, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri SMR, Sabery M, Frost G, Nematy M (2010) Effects of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric indices. Fasting and Sustainable Health Conference in 2010. 65

  129. Pathan M, Patil R (2015) Effect of Ramadan fasting on body weight and lipid profile. Biomed Pharmacol J 3:167–170

    Google Scholar 

  130. Ünalacak M, Kara IH, Baltaci D, Erdem Ö, Bucaktepe PGE (2011) Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals. Metabo Syndr Relat Disord 9:157–161

    Google Scholar 

  131. Faris M, Hussein RN, Al-Kurd RA, Al-Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK (2012) Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on oxidative stress measured by urinary 15–isoprostane. J Nutr Metab. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/802924

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Shehab A, Abdulle A, El Issa A, Al Suwaidi J, Nagelkerke N (2012) Favorable changes in lipid profile: the effects of fasting after Ramadan. PLoS ONE 7:e47615

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Agoumi A, Martinez Martinez F, Garcia de la Serrana HL (2013) The assessment of the follow-up of the Muslim population during the period of Ramadan. Nutr Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Haouari-Oukerro F, Ben-Attia M, Kaâbachi N, Haouari M (2013) Ramadan fasting influences on food intake consumption, sleep schedule, body weight, and some plasma parameters in healthy fasting volunteers. Afr J Biotech 12:3327–3332

    Google Scholar 

  135. Hosseini SRA, Sardar MA, Hejazi K, Farahati S (2013) The effect of Ramadan fasting and physical activity on body composition, serum osmolarity levels, and some parameters of electrolytes in females. Int J Endocrinol Metab 11:88–94

    Google Scholar 

  136. Rohin MAK, Rozano N, Abd Hadi N, Nor M, Nasir M, Abdullah S, Dandinasivara Venkateshaiah M (2013) Anthropometry and body composition status during Ramadan among higher institution learning center staffs with different body weight status. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/308041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Sayedda K, Kamal S, Ahmed QS (2013) Effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, creatine phosphokinase activity, serum calcium, and phosphorus in healthy students of Shri Ram Murti smarak institute of medical sciences, Bareilly-UP. National J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 3:48–52

    Google Scholar 

  138. Cansel M, Tasolar H, Yagmur J, Ermis N, Acikgoz N, Eyyupkoca F, Pekdemir H, Ozdemir R (2014) The effects of Ramadan fasting on heart rate variability in healthy individuals: a prospective study. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 14:413–416. https://doi.org/10.5152/akd.2014.5108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Celik A, Saricicek E, Saricicek V, Sahin E, Ozdemir G, Bozkurt S, Okumus M, Sucakli MH, Cikim G, Coskun Y (2014) Effect of Ramadan fasting on serum concentration of apelin-13 and new obesity indices in healthy adult men. Medical Sci Monit 20:337–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Hassan MB, Isawumi MA (2014) Effects of fasting on intraocular pressure in a black population. Middle East Afri J Ophthal 2:328–331

    Google Scholar 

  141. McNeil J, Mamlouk MM, Duval K, Schwartz A, Nardo Junior N, Doucet É (2014) Alterations in metabolic profile occur in normal-weight and obese men during the Ramadan fast despite no changes in anthropometry. J Obesity 2014:482547. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/482547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Salahuddin M, Masood-ul-Hassan J (2014) Effects of Ramadan fasting on some physiological and biochemical parameters in healthy and hypertensive subjects in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. India J Fasting Health 2(1):7–13

    Google Scholar 

  143. Begum TA, Jahan N, Sultana N, Choudhury R, Yeasmin T (2015) Effect of Ramadan fasting on total cholesterol (TC) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in healthy adult male. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 10:46–50

    Google Scholar 

  144. Gnanou JV, Caszo BA, Khalil KM, Abdullah SL, Knight VF, Bidin MZ (2015) Effects of Ramadan fasting on glucose homeostasis and adiponectin levels in healthy adult males. J Diabetes Metab Disord 14:55

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Hosseini SRA, Hejazi K (2015) Evaluation of changes in blood hematological and biochemical parameters in response to Islamic fasting and regular physical activity in male and female subjects. J Fasting Health 3:118–125

    Google Scholar 

  146. López-Bueno M, González-Jiménez E, Navarro-Prado S, Montero-Alonso MA, Schmidt-RioValle J (2015) Influence of age and religious fasting on the body composition of Muslim women living in a westernized context. Nutr Hosp 31:1067–1073

    Google Scholar 

  147. Suriani I, Shamsuddin K, Latif KA, Saad HA (2015) The effect of the Malaysian Food Guideline guidance on a group of overweight and obese women during Ramadan. Saudi Med J 36:40–45

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Talib RA, Canguven O, Al-Rumaihi K, Al Ansari A, Alani M (2015) The effect of fasting on erectile function and sexual desire on men in the month of Ramadan. Urol J 12:2099–2102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. BaHammam AS, Pandi-Perumal SR, Alzoghaibi MA (2016) The effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid peroxidation in healthy young men while controlling for diet and sleep: a pilot study. Ann Thoracic Med 11:43–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Ganjali N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Afkhami Ardakani M, Shahraki M, Fallahzadeh H (2016) Effect of Islamic fasting on glucose, lipid profiles and Body Mass Index, adiponectin and leptin in obese individuals. J Nutr Fasting Health 4:57–63

    Google Scholar 

  151. Nugraha B, Ghashang SK, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C (2017) Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in the summertime in Germany: a prospective controlled study. Appetite 111:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. AbdulKareem NG, Khalil NS, Jasim AE, Alkabban M (2017) Some biochemical changes during summer Islamic fasting in diseased patients in comparison with normal. Am J Med Sci 5:27–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Bakki B, Goni BW, HarunaYusuph FB (2017) Ramadan fasting: effect on the metabolic profile of healthy medical students in the northeast, Nigeria. Saudi J Med 2:133–137. https://doi.org/10.21276/sjm.2017.2.6.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Khan N, Rasheed A, Ahmed H, Aslam F, Kanwal F (2017) Effect of Ramadan fasting on glucose level, lipid profile, HbA1c, and uric acid among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediter Health J 23:274–279

    Google Scholar 

  155. Kiyani MM, Memon AR, Amjad MI, Ameer MR, Sadiq M, Mahmood T (2017) Study of human Biochemical parameters during and after Ramadan. J Relig Health 56:55–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Latiri I, Sandid S, Fennani MA, Hadrich M, Masmoudi T, Maatoug C, Zammit-Chatti M, Chamari K, Ben Saad H (2017) The effects of Ramadan fasting on the spirometric data of healthy adult males. Am J Men's Health 11:1214–1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316675091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Ongsara S, Boonpol S, Prompalad N, Jeenduang N (2017) The effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical parameters in healthy Thai subjects. J Clin Diagn Res 11:CD14–CE18

    Google Scholar 

  158. Roy AS, Bandyopadhyay A (2017) Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on haematological parameters, lipid profile, and renal markers in young Muslim males of Kolkata, India. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 61:361–367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Haghighi S, Attarzade Hosseini SR, Saleh Moghaddam M, Rajabian M, Kiani MA, Taghizade Moghaddam H, Sezavar Kamali SM (2019) Effects of fasting on glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone (GLP-1), and lipid profile indices in obese and thin women. Int J Pediatr 7:9095–9102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Jarrar AH, Beasley JM, Ohuma EO, Cheikh Ismail L, Qeshta DA, Mohamad MN, Al Dhaheri AS (2019) Effect of high fiber cereal intake on satiety and gastrointestinal symptoms during Ramadan. Nutrients 11:939. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040939

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Rahbar AR, Safavi E, Rooholamini M, Jaafari F, Darvishi S, Rahbar A (2019) Effects of intermittent fasting during Ramadan on insulin-like growth factor-1, interleukin 2, and lipid profile in healthy Muslims. Int J Prev Med 10:7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_252_17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327:557–560

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG (2019) Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrane Handb Syst Rev Interv. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119536604.ch10

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The current work did not receive any form of financing from any institution or funding body.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rehabilitation Services, Periphery Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain

    Haitham A. Jahrami

  2. College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain

    Haitham A. Jahrami

  3. Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Joud Alsibai & Mo’ez Al-Islam E. Faris

  4. Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Cain C. T. Clark

Authors
  1. Haitham A. Jahrami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joud Alsibai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cain C. T. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mo’ez Al-Islam E. Faris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MF and HJ contributed to the conception and design of the work. MF and HJ participated in researching and collecting articles. MF and JS participated in the article reviews and data extraction. HJ performed all data analyses. MF and HJ contributed to drafting the manuscript, and CC contributed to critically revising the manuscript and provided intellectual contributions to strengthen the manuscript. All authors were involved in writing the paper and approved the final version for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mo’ez Al-Islam E. Faris.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors

Informed consent

For this type of research, formal consent is not required.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 11 kb)

Supplementary file2 (DOC 49 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jahrami, H.A., Alsibai, J., Clark, C.C.T. et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on body weight in healthy subjects aged 16 years and above. Eur J Nutr 59, 2291–2316 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02216-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02216-1

Keywords

search

Navigation