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Association of milk consumption frequency on muscle mass and strength: an analysis of three representative Korean population studies

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European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Sarcopenia is an involuntary loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical performance associated with aging. Sarcopenia contributes to adverse health outcomes. Milk contains essential amino acids important for maintaining muscle. We investigated the relationships among milk consumption frequency (MCF), muscle mass, and strength in Korean adults.

Methods

We analyzed the data from 16,173 adults in the 2008–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 13,537 adults in the 2014–2016 KNHANES, and 8254 adults in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). MCF was divided into two groups: (1) MCF less than once per day (MCF < 1 group) and (2) MCF greater than or equal to once per day (MCF ≥ 1 group). Low skeletal muscle mass index (LSMI) was defined using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health sarcopenia project criteria for low muscle mass. Muscle strength was measured using the hand-grip strength test.

Results

The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for LSMI in the MCF < 1 group was 1.250 (1.013–1.543) after adjusting for confounding factors, compared with the MCF ≥ 1 group (2008–2011 KNHANES). The adjusted mean for hand-grip strength was higher in the MCF ≥ 1 group (2014–2016 KNHANES). After a mean follow-up of 9 years, fat-free mass/body mass index was higher in the MCF ≥ 1 group than the MCF < 1 group (KoGES).

Conclusion

We found that MCF ≥ 1 was significantly associated with higher skeletal muscle index and muscle strength than lower MCF. Milk consumption could help prevent sarcopenia in adults.

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Data availability

The dataset used in this study (the KNHANES and Ansan-Ansung cohort) can be provided after review and evaluation of the research plan by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/eng/main.jsp).

Abbreviations

RDA:

Recommended dietary allowance

MCF:

Milk consumption frequency

KNHANES:

Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

KoGES:

Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

HGS:

Hand-grip strength

FFQ:

Food frequency questionnaire

BIA:

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

BMI:

Body mass index

IRB:

Institutional Review Board

ASM:

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass

LSMI:

Low skeletal muscle mass index

FNIH:

Foundation for the National Institutes of Health

SE:

Standard error

OR:

Odds ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20002781, A Platform for Prediction and Management of Health Risk Based on Personal Big Data and Lifelogging) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, South Korea).

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Author notes

  1. Yu-Jin Kwon and Ji-Won Lee contributed equally to this work and are both corresponding authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea

    Jun-Hyuk Lee & Ji-Won Lee

  2. Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jun-Hyuk Lee & Yu-Jin Kwon

  3. Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Hye Sun Lee

  4. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Hyungmi Kim

  5. Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 225 Geumhak-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17046, Republic of Korea

    Yu-Jin Kwon

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Contributions

JHL and HK developed the study concept and design. All authors contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of the data. HSL performed the statistical analysis. JHL and YJK prepared the first version of the manuscript. YJK and JWL revised the manuscript critically for essential intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version to be published.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yu-Jin Kwon or Ji-Won Lee.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

All participants participated in the survey voluntarily and provided written informed consent for the data collection. The Institutional Review Board of the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed and approved the KNHANES (IRB Nos. 2008-04EXP01-C, 2009-01CON-03-2C, 2010-02CON-21, 2011-02CON-06-C, and 2013-12EXP-03-5C). The Ansan-Ansung study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and all study participants signed written informed consent documents. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gangnam Severance hospital (IRB number: 3–2019-0070).

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Lee, JH., Lee, H.S., Kim, H. et al. Association of milk consumption frequency on muscle mass and strength: an analysis of three representative Korean population studies. Eur J Nutr 59, 3257–3267 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02164-5

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