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Population biomonitoring of micronutrient intakes in children using urinary spot samples

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Abstract

Purpose

Urinary spot samples are a promising method for the biomonitoring of micronutrient intake in children. Our aim was to assess whether urinary spot samples could be used to estimate the 24-h urinary excretion of potassium, phosphate, and iodine at the population level.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 101 children between 6 and 16 years of age was conducted. Each child collected a 24-h urine collection and three urinary spot samples (evening, overnight, and morning). Several equations were used to estimate 24-h excretion based on the urinary concentrations of each micronutrient in the three spot samples. Various equations and spot combinations were compared using several statistics and plots.

Results

Ninety-four children were included in the analysis (mean age: 10.5 years). The mean measured 24-h urinary excretions of potassium, phosphate, and iodine were 1.76 g, 0.61 g, and 95 µg, respectively. For potassium, the best 24-h estimates were obtained with the Mage equation and morning spot (mean bias: 0.2 g, correlation: 0.27, precision: 56%, and misclassification: 10%). For phosphate, the best 24-h estimates were obtained with the Mage equation and overnight spot (mean bias: − 0.03 g, correlation: 0.54, precision: 72%, and misclassification: 10%). For iodine, the best 24-h estimates were obtained with the Remer equation and overnight spot (mean bias: − 8 µg, correlation: 0.58, precision: 86%, misclassification: 16%).

Conclusions

Urinary spot samples could be a good alternative to 24-h urine collection for the population biomonitoring of iodine and phosphate intakes in children. For potassium, spot samples were less reliable.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the participants and their parents for taking part in the study, René Tabin, Bernard Genin and Michel Russo for the help with the recruitment of the study participants, and Michel F. Rossier and Marie-France Rudaz for the laboratory analyses.

Funding

This work was funded by the Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) (funding reference number 5.15.03). The funder had no role in the protocol development, data collection, data analysis, or interpretation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland

    Magali Rios-Leyvraz, Murielle Bochud, Pascal Bovet & Arnaud Chiolero

  2. Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland

    Clara Benzi Schmid & Max Haldimann

  3. Population Health Laboratory, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Arnaud Chiolero

  4. Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Arnaud Chiolero

  5. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

    Arnaud Chiolero

Authors
  1. Magali Rios-Leyvraz
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  2. Murielle Bochud
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  3. Clara Benzi Schmid
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  4. Max Haldimann
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  5. Pascal Bovet
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Correspondence to Magali Rios-Leyvraz.

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Rios-Leyvraz, M., Bochud, M., Benzi Schmid, C. et al. Population biomonitoring of micronutrient intakes in children using urinary spot samples. Eur J Nutr 59, 3059–3068 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02144-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02144-9

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