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Polyphenol intake and metabolic syndrome risk in European adolescents: the HELENA study

European Journal of Nutrition volume 59, pages 801–812 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

The role of polyphenol intake during adolescence to prevent metabolic syndrome (MetS) is little explored. This study aimed to evaluate the association between intake of total polyphenols, polyphenol classes and the 10 most consumed individual polyphenols with MetS risk in European adolescents.

Methods

Of the cross-sectional HELENA study, 657 adolescents (54% girls; 14.8% overweight; 12.5–17.5 year) had a fasting blood sample and polyphenol intake data from two non-consecutive 24-h recalls matched with the Phenol-Explorer database. MetS was defined via the pediatric American Heart Association definition. Multilevel linear regressions examined the associations of polyphenol quartiles with MetS components, while logistic regression examined the associations with MetS risk.

Results

After adjusting for all potential confounders (socio-demographics and nine nutrients), total polyphenol intake, polyphenol classes and individual polyphenols were not associated with MetS risk. From all MetS components, only BMI z-score was modestly inversely associated with total polyphenol intake. Further sub analyses on polyphenol classes revealed that flavonoid intake was significantly associated with higher diastolic blood pressure and lower BMI, and phenolic acid intake was associated with higher low-density cholesterol. For individual polyphenols, the above BMI findings were often confirmed (not independent from dietary intake) and a few associations were found with insulin resistance.

Conclusion

Higher intakes of total polyphenols and flavonoids were inversely associated with BMI. No consistent associations were found for other MetS components.

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Abbreviations

AHA:

Pediatric American Heart Association

BMI:

Body mass index

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

HDL-c:

High-density lipoprotein

HOMA-IR:

Homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance

LDL-c:

Low-density lipoprotein

Q:

Quartile

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

TG:

Triglycerides

WC:

Waist circumference

WHR:

Waist–hip ratio

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all fieldworkers and all participating adolescents. We acknowledge the work of Mieke De Maeyer and the Phenol explorer team for the support of polyphenol’ estimation.

Funding

The HELENA Study was carried out with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOODCT-2005-007034). The writing group takes sole responsibility for the content of this article. The European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The first author was sponsored as PhD student by Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP, Indonesia).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C.Heymanslaan 10-4K3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani, Stefaan De Henauw, Inge Huybrechts & Nathalie Michels

  2. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

    Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani

  3. Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Maria Forsner

  4. School of Education, Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden

    Maria Forsner

  5. CHU Lille, Inserm U995, University of Lille, Lille, France

    Frédéric Gottrand

  6. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France

    Inge Huybrechts, Viktoria Knaze, Joseph A. Rothwell & Augustin Scalbert

  7. Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Mathilde Kersting

  8. CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178, Rome, Italy

    Cinzia Le Donne

  9. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

    Yannis Manios

  10. Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain

    Ascensión Marcos

  11. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary

    Dénes Molnár

  12. Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Michael Sjöström

  13. Department of Pediatric, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Kurt Widhalm

  14. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, University of Zaragoza, Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain

    Luis A. Moreno

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  1. Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani
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Contributions

RWW formulated the research question, has analysed the data, prepared the estimation of polyphenols, and wrote a draft of the paper. NM helped in refining the research question, setting up the database, analyzing the data and did editing of the first draft. NM, SDH and LAM are PhD supervisors of RWW; LAM was the coordinator of the HELENA project. From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, we received help from AS, VK, JAR and IH in the linking to their Phenol-Explorer database containing the polyphenol concentrations in food items. All other authors were involved in the HELENA project (coordinator or data collection in their country). All authors have read the draft and agreed on the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Wisnuwardani, R.W., De Henauw, S., Forsner, M. et al. Polyphenol intake and metabolic syndrome risk in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Eur J Nutr 59, 801–812 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01946-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01946-1

Keywords

  • Risk factor
  • Polyphenol
  • Flavonoid
  • Youth
  • Obesity
  • Cholesterol