Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The effect of submicron fat droplets in a drink on satiety, food intake, and cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Small fat droplets infused into the gut reduce food intake and hunger more than bigger ones, at levels as low as 6 g, and these effects are hypothesized to occur via satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin. It is, however, unknown whether the effect of droplet size would persist after oral consumption. It is also unknown whether an even smaller droplet size can affect hunger and food intake and at what minimum amount of fat. Therefore, the aim of the study was to test the effect of very fine fat droplets on satiety and food intake in two different quantities.

Methods

In a balanced-order 4-way crossover design, 24 volunteers consumed a fat-free meal replacement drink with either 5 or 9 g oil (rapeseed) and either 3 or 0.1 μm droplet size. Appetite scores and plasma cholecystokinin levels (in n = 12 subset) were measured for 180 min, when food intake was assessed during an ad libitum meal. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test and paired t test. The behavior of the emulsions was also characterized in a simulated gastrointestinal model.

Results

Despite faster in vitro lipolysis of the smallest droplets, neither droplet size nor fat amount affected satiety or food intake. From t = 45–150 min, cholecystokinin response was 50 % higher (P < 0.05) after the 0.1 versus 3 μm, but only with 9 g fat.

Conclusion

When this particular fat at these amounts is delivered in a meal replacement drink, droplet size does not influence appetite or food intake. This effect is independent of the amount of fat or plasma cholecystokinin changes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Read N, French S, Cunningham K (1994) The role of the gut in regulating food-intake in man. Nutr Rev 52:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Armand M (2007) Lipases and lipolysis in the human digestive tract: where do we stand? Curr Opinion Clin Nutr Metab Care 10:156–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fave G, Coste TC, Armand M (2004) Physicochemical properties of lipids: new strategies to manage fatty acid bioavailability. Cell Mol Biol 50:815–831

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Armand M, Borel P, Pasquier B, Dubois C, Senft M, Andre M, Peyrot J, Salducci J, Lairon D (1996) Physicochemical characteristics of emulsions during fat digestion in human stomach and duodenum. Am J Physiol-Gastroint Liver Physiol 34:G172–G183

    Google Scholar 

  5. Armand M, Pasquier B, Andre M, Borel P, Senft M, Peyrot J, Salducci J, Portugal H, Jaussan V, Lairon D (1999) Digestion and absorption of 2 fat emulsions with different droplet sizes in the human digestive tract. Am J Clin Nutr 70:1096–1106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Seimon RV, Wooster T, Otto B, Golding M, Day L, Little TJ, Horowitz M, Clifton PM, Feinle-Bisset C (2009) The droplet size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility, hormone release, and appetite in healthy males. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1729–1736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Beglinger C, Degen L (2004) Fat in the intestine as a regulator of appetite—role of CCK. Physiol Behavr 83:617–621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Maljaars PWJ, van der Wal RJ, Wiersma T, Peters HPF, Haddeman E, Masclee AAM (2012) The effect of lipid droplet size on satiety and peptide secretion is intestinal site-specific. Clin Nutr 31:535–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Maljaars PWJ, Wal-van der RJ, Peters HPF, Haddeman E, Masclee AAM (2008) The effects of intestinal fat delivery on satiety, food intake and gastrointestinal function depend on intestinal site and lipid droplet size. Gastroenterology 134(4):A147–A148 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Maljaars PWJ, Peters HPF, Kodde A, Geraedts M, Troost FJ, Haddeman E, Masclee AAM (2011) Length and site of the small intestine exposed to fat influences hunger and food intake. Br J Nutr 106:1609–1615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Van Strien T, Frijters JER, Bergers GPA, Defares PB (1986) The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord 5:295–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH (1999) The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. Br Med J 319:1467–1468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Peters HPF, Foltz M, Kovacs EMR, Mela DJ, Schuring EAH, Wiseman SA (2011) The effect of protease inhibitors derived from potato formulated in a mini drink on appetite, food intake and plasma cholecystokinin levels in humans. Int J Obes 35:244–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stratton RJ, Stubbs RJ, Hughes D, King N, Blundell JE, Elia M (1998) Comparison of the traditional paper visual analogue scale questionnaire with an Apple Newton electronic appetite rating system (EARS) in free living subjects feeding ad libitum. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:737–741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A (2000) Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scares in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obesity 24:38–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jansen JBMJ, Lamers CBHW (1983) Radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin in human-tissue and plasma. Clin Chim Acta 131:305–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Carriere F, Renou C, Lopez V, De Caro J, Ferrato F, Lengsfeld H, De Caro A, Laugier R, Verger R (2000) The specific activities of human digestive lipases measured from the in vivo and in vitro lipolysis of test meals. Gastroenterol 119:949–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Layer P, Keller J (1999) Pancreatic enzymes: secretion and luminal nutrient digestion in health and disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 28:3–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zangenberg NH, Müllertz A, Kristensen HG, Hovgaard L (2001) A dynamic in vitro lipolysis model. I. Controlling the rate of lipolysis by continuous addition of calcium. Eur J Pharm Sci 14:115–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Matzinger D, Degen L, Drewe J, Meuli J, Duebendorfer R, Ruckstuhl N, D’Amato M, Rovati L, Beglinger C (2000) The role of long chain fatty acids in regulating food intake and cholecystokinin release in humans. Gut 46:688–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pilichiewicz AN, Little TJ, Brennan IM, Meyer JH, Wishart JM, Otto B, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C (2006) Effects of load, and duration, of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R668–R677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Little TJ, Feltrin KL, Horowitz M, Smout AJPM, Rades T, Meyer JH, Pilichiewicz AN, Wishart J, Feinle-Bisset C (2005) Dose-related effects of lauric acid on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormone release, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Int Comp Physiol 289:R1090–R1098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Feltrin KL, Little TJ, Meyer JH, Horowitz M, Smout AJPM, Wishart J, Pilichiewicz AN, Rades T, Chapman IM, Feinle-Bisset C (2004) Effects of intraduodenal fatty acids on appetite, antropyloroduodenal motility, and plasma CCK and GLP-1 in humans vary with their chain length. Am J Physiol Regul Int Comp Physiol 287:R524–R533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Brennan IM, Feltrin KL, Horowitz M, Smout AJPM, Meyer JH, Wishart J, Feinle-Bisset C (2005) Evaluation of interactions between CCK and GLP-1 in their effects on appetite, energy intake, and antropyloroduodenal motility in healthy men. Am J Physiol Reg Int Comp Physiol 288:R1477–R1485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Maljaars PWJ, Symersky T, Kee BC, Haddeman E, Peters HPF, Masclee AAM (2008) Effect of ileal fat perfusion on satiety and hormone release in healthy volunteers. Int J Obes 32:1633–1639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. McClements DJ (2011) Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter 7:2297–2316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Oesch S, Ruegg C, Fischer B, Degen L, Beglinger C (2006) Effect of gastric distension prior to eating on food intake and feelings of satiety in humans. Physiol Behav 87:903–910

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kissileff HR, Carretta JC, Geliebter A, Pi-Sunyer F (2003) Cholecystokinin and stomach distension combine to reduce food intake in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Int Comp Physiol 285:R992–R998

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Carriere F, Barrowman JA, Verger R, Laugier R (1993) Secretion and contribution to lipolysis of gastric and pancreatic lipases during a test meal in humans. Gastroenterol 105:876–888

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Marciani L, Wickham M, Singh G, Bush D, Pick B, Cox E, Fillery-Travis A, Faulks R, Marsden C, Gowland PA, Spiller RC (2007) Enhancement of intragastric acid stability of a fat emulsion meal delays gastric emptying and increases cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction. Am J Physiol Gastr Liver Physiol 292:G1607–G1613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Henk Husken from Unilever R & D Vlaardingen for assistance in preparing the emulsions. This study was funded by Unilever R & D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. All authors are employees of Unilever R & D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. None of the authors had a personal or financial conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier Van Noortlaan 120, P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands

    Harry P. F. Peters, Elisabeth C. M. Bouwens, Ewoud A. H. Schuring, Edward Haddeman, Krassimir P. Velikov & Sergey M. Melnikov

Authors
  1. Harry P. F. Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elisabeth C. M. Bouwens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ewoud A. H. Schuring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Edward Haddeman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Krassimir P. Velikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sergey M. Melnikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harry P. F. Peters.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Peters, H.P.F., Bouwens, E.C.M., Schuring, E.A.H. et al. The effect of submicron fat droplets in a drink on satiety, food intake, and cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers. Eur J Nutr 53, 723–729 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0576-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0576-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation