Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute effects of high-protein versus normal-protein isocaloric meals on satiety and ghrelin

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The objective was to compare isocaloric high-protein (HP) test meals with normal-protein (NP) test ones on satiety and ghrelin in human being.

Methods

Systematic searches were conducted by using PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, and HighWire Press to identify randomized, crossover trials that investigated the acute effects of isocalorically prescribed HP versus NP test meals on satiety and ghrelin.

Results

Pooled analyses showed that subjects with HP test meals had a significantly higher acute satiety area under the curve (AUC) than those with NP test meals (P < 0.001). Conversely, the former had a markedly lower level of acute ghrelin at 180 min as well as acute glucose AUC, although they had a notably higher glucose at 180 min (P = 0.008).

Conclusions

The meta-analysis showed that the acute consumption of HP did produce more satiety. In addition, relative to NP test meals, HP test ones may be useful in regulating postprandial glucose, whereas a significantly higher preprandial glucose combined with a lower concentration of ghrelin may contribute to the decrease in ad libitum caloric intake.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Seidell JC (1995) Obesity in Europe. Obes Res 3(Suppl 2):89s–93s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pi-Sunyer FX (1993) Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 119:655–660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Safer DJ (1991) Diet, behavior modification, and exercise: a review of obesity treatments from a long-term perspective. South Med J 84:1470–1474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (2005) Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr 93:281–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M (2008) Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 87:23–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Rolland V, Wilson SA, Westerterp KR (1999) Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:495–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Halton TL, Hu FB (2004) The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 23:373–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson GH, Moore SE (2004) Dietary proteins in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans. J Nutr 134:974S–979S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mikkelsen PB, Toubro S, Astrup A (2000) Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1135–1141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cuntz U, Frühauf E, Wawarta R, Tschöp M, Folwaczny C, Riepl R, Lehnert P, Fichter M, Otto B (2002) A role for the novel weight-regulating hormone ghrelin in anorexia nervosa. Am Clin Lab 21:22–23

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402:656–660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (2001) Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Booth DA, Mather P, Fuller J (1982) Starch content of ordinary foods associatively conditions human appetite and satiation, indexed by intake and eating pleasantness of starch-paired flavours. Appetite 3:163–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Callahan HS, Cummings DE, Pepe MS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Weigle DS (2004) Postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin level is proportional to ingested caloric load but does not predict intermeal interval in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1319–1324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Blom WA, Lluch A, Stafleu A, Vinoy S, Holst JJ, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HF (2006) Effect of a high-protein breakfast on the postprandial ghrelin response. Am J Clin Nutr 83:211–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Leidy HJ, Mattes RD, Campbell WW (2007) Effects of acute and chronic protein intake on metabolism, appetite, and ghrelin during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15:1215–1225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tannous dit El Khoury D, Obeid O, Azar ST, Hwalla N (2006) Variations in postprandial ghrelin status following ingestion of high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein meals in males. Ann Nutr Metab 50:260–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Erdmann J, Lippl F, Schusdziarra V (2003) Differential effect of protein and fat on plasma ghrelin levels in man. Regul Pept 116:101–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Erdmann J, Topsch R, Lippl F, Gussmann P, Schusdziarra V (2004) Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3048–3054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21:1539–1558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327:557–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Brinkworth GD (2012) Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 96:1281–1298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, Schünemann HJ (2012) Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 66:780–788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Robinson SM, Jaccard C, Persaud C, Jackson AA, Jequier E, Schutz Y (1990) Protein turnover and thermogenesis in response to high-protein and high-carbohydrate feeding in men. Am J Clin Nutr 52:72–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Tome D (2004) Protein, amino acids and the control of food intake. Br J Nutr 92(Suppl 1):S27–S30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Martin WF, Armstrong LE, Rodriguez NR (2005) Dietary protein intake and renal function. Nutr Metab 2:25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Acheson KJ, Blondel-Lubrano A, Oguey-Araymon S, Beaumont M, Emady-Azar S, Ammon-Zufferey C, Monnard I, Pinaud S, Nielsen-Moennoz C, Bovetto L (2011) Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 93:525–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Al Awar R, Obeid O, Hwalla N, Azar S (2005) Postprandial acylated ghrelin status following fat and protein manipulation of meals in healthy young women. Clin Sci (Lond) 109:405–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Belza A, Ritz C, Sorensen MQ, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Astrup A (2013) Contribution of gastroenteropancreatic appetite hormones to protein-induced satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 97:980–989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Boelsma E, Brink EJ, Stafleu A, Hendriks HF (2010) Measures of postprandial wellness after single intake of two protein-carbohydrate meals. Appetite 54:456–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bowen J, Noakes M, Trenerry C, Clifton PM (2006) Energy intake, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin after different carbohydrate and protein preloads in overweight men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1477–1483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton PM (2006) Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:2913–2919

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton PM (2007) Appetite hormones and energy intake in obese men after consumption of fructose, glucose and whey protein beverages. Int J Obes (Lond) 31:1696–1703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. El Khoury D, El-Rassi R, Azar S, Hwalla N (2010) Postprandial ghrelin and PYY responses of male subjects on low carbohydrate meals to varied balancing proportions of proteins and fats. Eur J Nutr 49:493–500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Foster-Schubert KE, Overduin J, Prudom CE, Liu J, Callahan HS, Gaylinn BD, Thorner MO, Cummings DE (2008) Acyl and total ghrelin are suppressed strongly by ingested proteins, weakly by lipids, and biphasically by carbohydrates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1971–1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Karhunen LJ, Juvonen KR, Flander SM, Liukkonen KH, Lähteenmäki L, Siloaho M, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KH, Uusitupa MI, Poutanen KS (2010) A psyllium fiber-enriched meal strongly attenuates postprandial gastrointestinal peptide release in healthy young adults. J Nutr 140:737–744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Leidy HJ, Armstrong CL, Tang M, Mattes RD, Campbell WW (2010) The influence of higher protein intake and greater eating frequency on appetite control in overweight and obese men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:1725–1732

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Leidy HJ, Racki EM (2010) The addition of a protein-rich breakfast and its effects on acute appetite control and food intake in ‘breakfast-skipping’ adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 34:1125–1133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lomenick JP, Melguizo MS, Mitchell SL, Summar ML, Anderson JW (2009) Effects of meals high in carbohydrate, protein, and fat on ghrelin and peptide YY secretion in prepubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:4463–4471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Makris AP, Borradaile KE, Oliver TL, Cassim NG, Rosenbaum DL, Boden GH, Homko CJ, Foster GD (2011) The individual and combined effects of glycemic index and protein on glycemic response, hunger, and energy intake. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19:2365–2373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pavlatos S, Kokkinos A, Tentolouris N, Doupis J, Kyriaki D, Katsilambros N (2005) Acute effects of high-protein and high-fat isoenergetic meals on total ghrelin plasma concentrations in lean and obese women. Horm Metab Res 37:773–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Smeets AJ, Soenen S, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Ueland O, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (2008) Energy expenditure, satiety, and plasma ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine–tyrosine concentrations following a single high-protein lunch. J Nutr 138:698–702

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Westerterp KR, Engelen MP, Brummer RJ, Deutz NE, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (2009) Comparison of the effects of a high- and normal-casein breakfast on satiety, ‘satiety’ hormones, plasma amino acids and subsequent energy intake. Br J Nutr 101:295–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The authors themselves are responsible for both the content and the writing of the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China

    Dan Yang, Zhihong Liu & Ye Jue

  2. Computer Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, 317000, China

    Haixing Yang

Authors
  1. Dan Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhihong Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Haixing Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ye Jue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhihong Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yang, D., Liu, Z., Yang, H. et al. Acute effects of high-protein versus normal-protein isocaloric meals on satiety and ghrelin. Eur J Nutr 53, 493–500 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0552-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0552-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation