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Molecular cloning of the rat β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase gene and its regulation by retinoic acid

European Journal of Nutrition volume 45, pages 320–326 (2006)Cite this article

Summary

Background

β-Carotene exhibits biological activity as provitamin A. Key step in vitamin A formation is the cleavage of β-carotene to retinal by an enzyme designated as β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCM). Recently, it is reported that expression of BCM gene in the intestine is under feedback regulation by retinoic acid (RA). However, the regulation of BCM gene expression in various other tissues is still unknown.

Aim of the study

In the present study, we identified the full-length cDNA encoding the rat BCM gene and investigated the regulation of its expression in several tissues by RA in the presence of vitamin A deficiency.

Methods

We cloned the full-length cDNA encoding BCM gene from a rat intestinal cDNA library by hybridization screening. The BCM gene expression was examined using Northern blotting and reverse transcription-PCR analysis. We also investigated whether BCM gene expression was regulated by retinoids in several tissues of vitamin A-deficient rats.

Results

Sequence analysis of this clone revealed an open reading frame of 1,701 bases encoding a protein of 566 amino acids. The predicted polypeptide showed 94%, 81%, and 66% identity with mouse, human, and chicken BCM, respectively. Rat BCM mRNA was highly expressed in the intestine and liver, while there was weak expression in the testes, kidneys, and lungs. Immunoblotting revealed that rat BCM is a 64-kDa protein. BCM gene expression was increased in the small intestine by vitamin A deficiency compared with that in rats on a control diet, while this upregulation was suppressed by all-trans RA (ATRA) or 9-cis RA (9-cis RA). BCM gene expression in the lungs and testes was also suppressed by ATRA or 9-cis RA in rats with vitamin A deficiency. However, hepatic BCM gene expression was only decreased by ATRA and renal expression was not affected by either retinoid. As the small intestine is the major site of β-carotene conversion, intestinal BCM gene expression may be more tightly regulated.

Conclusion

These data suggest that BCM gene expression in several tissues may be down-regulated by RA at the level of conversion of β-carotene to retinal. To prevent an excess of retinol, homeostasis may occur at the level of conversion of β-carotene to retinal in several tissues.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Chihoro Kawakami, Dr. Shigeo Yamaoka, Dr. Rhohei Miyamoto, and Miss Masumi Kobayashi for their technical assistance, and Professor Hideyuki Hayashi and Dr. Takao Morinobu for their helpful discussions.

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  1. Dept. of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan

    Kimitaka Takitani, Chang-Lin Zhu, Akiko Inoue & Hiroshi Tamai

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  1. Kimitaka Takitani
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  2. Chang-Lin Zhu
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  3. Akiko Inoue
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  4. Hiroshi Tamai
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Correspondence to Kimitaka Takitani.

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Takitani, K., Zhu, CL., Inoue, A. et al. Molecular cloning of the rat β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase gene and its regulation by retinoic acid. Eur J Nutr 45, 320–326 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-006-0601-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-006-0601-3

Keywords

  • β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase
  • retinoic acid
  • regulation