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Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement

Mitralklappenrekonstruktion vs. Mitralklappenersatz

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Summary

Over the past 40 years mitral valve surgery has changed dramatically. After initial enthusiasm with the introduction of valve prostheses in the 1960s, a renewed interest in repair techniques began in the 1970s with the introduction of annuloplasty rings. These repair techniques revealed that the integrity of the subvalvular apparatus plays an important role in left ventricular function. When considering the major series comparing early and late results of mitral valve repair versus prosthetic mitral valve replacement, operative mortality rate is lower for patients with mitral valve repair. Long-term results also show a superior survival rate after mitral valve reconstruction. In addition, several problems can occur with the prosthetic valve, such as thromboembolism and endocarditis. All of these factors favor valve repair over replacement. The success of mitral valve repair depends on many factors: etiology of the mitral valve disease and the resultant pathomorphology of the valve, patient’s circumstances such as age or contraindication for anticoagulation, and the experience of the surgeon. The decision whether to repair or replace the mitral valve depends on these factors. Data in the literature and in large collective databases reflect the advantages of mitral valve repair, with over 75 % of current mitral valve surgeries being repairs.

In the past 5 years the exposure of the mitral valve through a right lateral minithoracotomy using video assistance has developed into a widespread technique. This approach allows complex mitral valve repair as well as mitral valve replacement even with biological stentless prostheses, with decreased morbidity. The addition of radiofrequency ablation for restoration of sinus rhythm enhances the outcome after mitral valve surgery, and can also be easily performed through a minithoracotomy technique.

Zusammenfassung

In den letzten 40 Jahren hat die Mitralklappenchirurgie einen grundlegenden Wandel erfahren. Der initialen Begeisterung nach der Einführung von Klappenprothesen in den 60er Jahren folgte eine Renaissance der Rekonstruktion der Mitralklappe mit der Vorstellung der Ringannuloplastie-Technik in den 70er Jahren. Die Rekonstruktion der Mitralklappe erhält die Integrität der subvalvluären Strukturen, die eine entscheidende Rolle für die linksventrikuläre Funktion spielen. Große Studien, die sowohl Früh- als auch Langzeitergebnisse nach Mitralklappenrekonstruktionen gegenüber prothetischem Klappenersatz betrachteten, zeigten eine geringere Operationsmortalität sowie eine deutlich höhere Langzeitüberlebensrate bei Patienten nach Mitralklappenrekonstruktion. Weiterhin sind spezifische Probleme, wie Thromboembolien oder Endokarditis, die bei Klappenersatzverfahren auftreten können, zu nennen. In Anbetracht dieser Tatsachen sind klappenerhaltende Rekonstruktionstechniken von Vorteil. Jedoch ist die Entscheidung für eine Mitralklappenrekonstruktion von unterschiedlichen Faktoren abhängig, wie der Ätiologie der Mitralklappenerkrankung und der daraus folgenden Pathomorphologie der Klappe, sowie patientenabhängigen Einflüssen, wie z.B. Alter oder Kontraindikationen für eine Antikoagulationstherapie und nicht zuletzt der Erfahrung des Chirurgen. Somit ist der Prozess der Wahl eines geeigneten Operationsverfahrens sehr komplex und individuell von jedem Patienten abhängig zu machen. Sowohl Studiendaten als auch Datenbanken großer Patientenkollektive reflektieren die Vorteile der Mitralklappenrekonstruktion mit einem Rekonstruktionsanteil von bis zu 75 % in der gesamten Mitralklappenchirurgie.

In den letzten 5 Jahren wurde der videoassistierte Zugang zur Mitralklappe über eine rechtslaterale Minithorakotomie zu einem etablierten Verfahren entwickelt. Dieser minimalinvasive Zugang erlaubt sowohl komplexe Rekonstruktions- als auch Klappenersatzverfahren unter anderem mit gerüstfreien Bioprothesen. Zusätzliche chirurgische Verfahren, wie die linksatriale Hochfrequenzablation zur Herstellung eines Sinusrhythmus bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern, verbessern das Operationsergebnis nach Mitralklappenchirurgie sowohl hinsichtlich der kardialen Funktion als auch der Lebensqualität für den Patienten deutlich und können ebenfalls über den minimalinvasiven Zugang durchgeführt werden.

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Correspondence to Jörg-Friedrich Onnasch.

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Onnasch, JF., Schneider, F., Mierzwa, M. et al. Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement. Z Kardiol 90 (Suppl 6), 75–80 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s003920170012

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