Summary
Over the past 40 years mitral valve surgery has changed dramatically. After initial enthusiasm with the introduction of valve prostheses in the 1960s, a renewed interest in repair techniques began in the 1970s with the introduction of annuloplasty rings. These repair techniques revealed that the integrity of the subvalvular apparatus plays an important role in left ventricular function. When considering the major series comparing early and late results of mitral valve repair versus prosthetic mitral valve replacement, operative mortality rate is lower for patients with mitral valve repair. Long-term results also show a superior survival rate after mitral valve reconstruction. In addition, several problems can occur with the prosthetic valve, such as thromboembolism and endocarditis. All of these factors favor valve repair over replacement. The success of mitral valve repair depends on many factors: etiology of the mitral valve disease and the resultant pathomorphology of the valve, patient’s circumstances such as age or contraindication for anticoagulation, and the experience of the surgeon. The decision whether to repair or replace the mitral valve depends on these factors. Data in the literature and in large collective databases reflect the advantages of mitral valve repair, with over 75 % of current mitral valve surgeries being repairs.
In the past 5 years the exposure of the mitral valve through a right lateral minithoracotomy using video assistance has developed into a widespread technique. This approach allows complex mitral valve repair as well as mitral valve replacement even with biological stentless prostheses, with decreased morbidity. The addition of radiofrequency ablation for restoration of sinus rhythm enhances the outcome after mitral valve surgery, and can also be easily performed through a minithoracotomy technique.
Zusammenfassung
In den letzten 40 Jahren hat die Mitralklappenchirurgie einen grundlegenden Wandel erfahren. Der initialen Begeisterung nach der Einführung von Klappenprothesen in den 60er Jahren folgte eine Renaissance der Rekonstruktion der Mitralklappe mit der Vorstellung der Ringannuloplastie-Technik in den 70er Jahren. Die Rekonstruktion der Mitralklappe erhält die Integrität der subvalvluären Strukturen, die eine entscheidende Rolle für die linksventrikuläre Funktion spielen. Große Studien, die sowohl Früh- als auch Langzeitergebnisse nach Mitralklappenrekonstruktionen gegenüber prothetischem Klappenersatz betrachteten, zeigten eine geringere Operationsmortalität sowie eine deutlich höhere Langzeitüberlebensrate bei Patienten nach Mitralklappenrekonstruktion. Weiterhin sind spezifische Probleme, wie Thromboembolien oder Endokarditis, die bei Klappenersatzverfahren auftreten können, zu nennen. In Anbetracht dieser Tatsachen sind klappenerhaltende Rekonstruktionstechniken von Vorteil. Jedoch ist die Entscheidung für eine Mitralklappenrekonstruktion von unterschiedlichen Faktoren abhängig, wie der Ätiologie der Mitralklappenerkrankung und der daraus folgenden Pathomorphologie der Klappe, sowie patientenabhängigen Einflüssen, wie z.B. Alter oder Kontraindikationen für eine Antikoagulationstherapie und nicht zuletzt der Erfahrung des Chirurgen. Somit ist der Prozess der Wahl eines geeigneten Operationsverfahrens sehr komplex und individuell von jedem Patienten abhängig zu machen. Sowohl Studiendaten als auch Datenbanken großer Patientenkollektive reflektieren die Vorteile der Mitralklappenrekonstruktion mit einem Rekonstruktionsanteil von bis zu 75 % in der gesamten Mitralklappenchirurgie.
In den letzten 5 Jahren wurde der videoassistierte Zugang zur Mitralklappe über eine rechtslaterale Minithorakotomie zu einem etablierten Verfahren entwickelt. Dieser minimalinvasive Zugang erlaubt sowohl komplexe Rekonstruktions- als auch Klappenersatzverfahren unter anderem mit gerüstfreien Bioprothesen. Zusätzliche chirurgische Verfahren, wie die linksatriale Hochfrequenzablation zur Herstellung eines Sinusrhythmus bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern, verbessern das Operationsergebnis nach Mitralklappenchirurgie sowohl hinsichtlich der kardialen Funktion als auch der Lebensqualität für den Patienten deutlich und können ebenfalls über den minimalinvasiven Zugang durchgeführt werden.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acar C, J ebara VA, Grare P, Chaques JC, Dervanian P, Vahanian A, Carpentier A (1992) Traumatic mitral valve insufficinecy following percutaneous mitral dilation: anatomic lesions and surgical implications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 6: 663–664
Autschbach R, Onnasch JF, Falk V, Walther T, Krüger M, Schilling LO, Mohr FW (2000) The Leipzig experience with robotic valve surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg 15: 82–87
Braunberger E, Deloche A, Berrebi A, Abdallah F, Celestin JA, Meimoun P, Chatellier G, Chavaud S, Fabiani JN, Carpentier A (2001) Very long-term results (more than 20 years) of valve repair with Carpentier’s technique in nonrheumatic mitral valve insufficiency. Circulation 104: 8–16
Brunton L (1902) Possibility of treating mitral stenosis by surgical methods. Lancet 1: 352
Burdon TA, Miller DC, Oyer PE, Mitchell RS, Stinson EB, Starnes VA, Shumway NE (1992) Durability of porcine valves at fifteen years in a representative North American patient population. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103: 238–251
Byrne JG, Aranki SF, Cohn LH (2000) Repair versus replacement of mitral valve treating severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. Coron Artery Dis 11: 31–33
Carpentier A (1983) Cardiac valve surgery - the French correction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86: 323–337
Carpentier A, Deloche A, Dauptain J, Soyer R, Blondeau P, Piwnica A, Dubost C, McGoon DC (1971) A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61: 1–13
Chauvaud S, Jebara V, Chachques JC, el Asmar B, Mihaileanu S, Perier P, Dreyfus G, Relland J, Couetil JP, Carpentier A (1991) Valve extension with glutaraldehyde-preserved autologus pericardium. J Thorac Surg 102: 171–178
Click RL, Abel MD, Schaff HV (2000) Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: 5-year prospective review on surgical management. Mayo Clin Proc 75: 241–247
Cohn LH, Kowalker W, Bhatia S, DiSesa VJ, StJohn-Sutton M, Shemin RJ, Collins JJ Jr (1995) Comparative morbidity of mitral valve repair versus replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without coronary artery disease. Updated in 1995 by LH Cohn. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 1452–1453
Cohn LH, Rizzo RJ, Adams DH, Couper GS, Sullivan TE, Collins JJ Jr, Aranki SF (1995) The effect of pathophysiology on the treatment of ischemic mitral valve regurgitation: operative and late risks of repair versus replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 9: 568–574
Cooley DA, Ingram MT (1987) Intravalvular implantation of mitral valve prosthesis. Tex Heart Inst J 14: 188
Cotrufo M, Renzulli A, Vitale N, Nappi G, De Feo M, Ismeno G, Di Benedetto B (1997) Long-term follow-up of open commissurotomy versus bileaflet valve replacement for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 12: 335–339
Craver JM, Jones EL, Guyton RA, Cobbs BW Jr, Hratcher CR Jr (1985) Avoidance of transverse mid-ventricular disruption following mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 40: 163–171
David TE, Uden DE, Strauss HD (1983) The importance of the mitral apparatus in left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation. Circulation [Suppl II] 68: 76–82
David TE, Bos J, Rakowski H (1991) Mitral valve repair by replacement of chordae tendineae with polytetrafluoroethylene suture. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101: 495–501
Deloche A Jebara VA, Relland JY, Chauvaud S, Fabiani JN, Prerier P, Dreyfus G, Mihailenau S, Carpentier A (1990) Valve repair with Carpentier techniques. The second decade. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99: 990–1001
Duran CG, Ubago JL (1976) Clinical and hemodynamic performance of a totally flexible prosthetic ring for atrioventricular valve reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 22: 458–463
Duran CM, Gometza B, De Vol EB (1991) Valve repair in rheumatic mitral valve disease. Circulation [Suppl 5] 84: 125–132
Enriques-Serano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, Tajik AJ, Bailey KR, Frye RL (1995) Valve repair improves outcome of surgery for mitral regurgitation. Circulation 91: 1022–1028
Frater RWM (1997) Repair versus replacement for mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 6: 377–379
Galloway AC, Colvin SB, Baumann FG, Grossi EA, Ribakove GH, Harty S, Spencer FC (1989) A comparison of mitral valve reconstruction with mitral valve replacement: intermediate term results. Ann Thorac Surg 47: 655–662
Harpole DH Jr, Rankin JS, Wolfe WG, Clements FM, Van Trigt P, Young WG, Jones RH (1990) Effects of standard mitral valve replacement on left ventricular function. Ann Thorac Surg 49: 866–873
Hendren WG, Morris AS, Rosenkranz ER, Lytle BW, Taylor PC, Stewart WJ, Loop FD, Cosgrove DM (1992) Mitral valve repair for bacterial endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103: 124–128
Hennein HA, Swain JA, McIntosh CL, Bonow RO, Stone CD, Clark RE (1990) Comparative assessment of chordal preservation for mitral valve incompetence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99: 823–837
Kitamura N, Uemura S, Kunitomo R, Utoh J, Noji S (2000) A new technique for debridement in rheumatic valvular disease: the rasping procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 69: 121–125
Kottkamp H, Hindricks G, Hammel D, Autschbach R, Mergenthaler J, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G, Mohr FW, Scheld HH (1999) Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation: a left atrial curative approach by elimination of anatomic “anchor” reentrant circuits. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 10: 772–780
Lillehei CW, Levy MN, Bonnabeau RC Jr (1964) Mitral valve replacement with preservation of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47: 532–543
Lim E, Barlow CW, Hosseinpour AR, Wisbey C, Wilson K, Pidgeon W, Charman S, Barlow JB, Wells FC (2001) Influence of atrial fibrillation on outcome following mitral valve repair. Circulation [Suppl 1] 104: 59–63
Miki S, Kushuhara K, Ueda Y, Komeda M, Ohkita Y, Tahata T (1988) Mitral valve replacement with preservation of chordae tendineae and papillary muscels. Ann Thorac Surg 45: 28–32
Mohr FW, Onnasch JF, Falk V, Walther T, Diegeler A, Krakor R, Scheider F, Autschbach R (1999) The evolution of minimally invasive valve surgery - 2 year experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 15: 233–238
Mohty D, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, Avierinos JF, Tajik JA, Enriques-Sarano M (2001) Very long-term survival and durability of mitral valve repair for mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 104: 1–5
Okita Y, Miki S, Ueda Y, Tahata T, Sakai T (1995) Left ventricular function after mitral valve replacement with or without chordal preservation. J Heart Valve Dis [Suppl 2] 4: 181–193
Perier P, Deloche A, Chauvaud S, Fabiani JN, Rossant P, Bessou JP, Relland J, Bourezak H, Gomez F, Blondeau P (1984) Comparative evaluation of mitral valve repair and replacement with Starr, Bjork, and porcine valve prostheses. Circulation 70: 187–192
Randall KW (2000) Video assistance in minimal access mitral valve surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg 15: 9–14
Rankin JS, Feneley MP, Hickey MS, Muhlbaier LH, Wechsler AS, Floyd RD, Reves JG, Skelton TN, Califf RM, Lowe JE (1988) A clinical comparison of mitral valve replacement in ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 95: 165–177
Rozich JD, Carabello BA, Usher BW, Kratz JM, Bell AE, Zile MR (1992) Mitral valve replacement with and without chordal preservation in patients with chronic regurgitation: mechanisms for differences in postoperative ejection performance. Circulation 86: 1718–1726
Salati M, Scrofani R, Fundaro P Cialfi A, Santoli C (1992) Correction of anterior mitral prolaps: results of chordal transposition. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 104: 1268–1273
Samways D (1898) Cardiac peristaltis, its nature and effects. Lancet 1: 927
Sand ME, Naftel DC, Blackstone EH, Kirklin Karb RB (1987) A comparison of repair versus replacement for mitral valve incompetence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94: 208–219
Sanders JH Jr, Scott ML (2001) Pitfalls in surgical decision-making during mitral valve repair. Curr Opin Cardiol 16: 140–145
STS (1997) STS National Database, 1997 mitral valve repair and replacement patients. www.sts.org
Walther T, Walther C, Falk V, Langebartels G, Kruger M, Dagge A, Diegeler A, Autschbach R, Mohr FW (1999) Quadrileaflet stentless mitral valve replacement. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47: 357–360
Walther T, Falk V, Walther C, Krauss B, Hindricks G, Kottkamp H, Kostelka M, Diegeler A, Autschbach R, Mohr FW (2000) Combined stentless mitral valve implantation and radiofrequency ablation. Ann Thorac Surg 70: 1080–1082
Yun KL, Sintek CF, Miller DC, Schuyler GT, Fletcher AD, Pfeffer TA, Kochamba GS, Khonsari S, Zile MR (1999) Randomized trial of partial versus complete chordal preservation methods of mitral valve replacement. Circulation 100: 90–94
Zussa C, Frater RW, Polesel E, Galloni M, Valfre C (1990) Artificial mitral valve chordae: experimental and clinical experience. Ann Thorac Surg 50: 367–373
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Onnasch, JF., Schneider, F., Mierzwa, M. et al. Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement. Z Kardiol 90 (Suppl 6), 75–80 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s003920170012
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003920170012