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Diabetische Nephropathie—

Peri-/postoperative Niereninsuffizienz und ihre Prophylaxe

Diabetic Nephropathy and heart surgery—prevention of perioperative acute renal failure

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Summary

The diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy leads to retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Diabetic patients with identified comorbidity, such as nephropathy and peripheral arteriosclerosis, have the highest mortality after heart surgery.

Long-term survival is better after coronary surgery compared to catheter angioplasty without or with stent implantation. Compared to “on-pump” surgery using a cardiopulmonary bypass, “off-pump surgery is associated with a lower incidence of acute renal failure.

In order to prevent acute renal failure in the course of heart surgery in diabetic patients, the following recommendations should be followed: i) the degree of renal damage (as indicated by the parameters: creatinine-clearance, albuminuria and blood pressure) has to be known before start of surgery; ii) the volume status (central venous pressure, central venous oxygen saturation) should be controlled tightly starting 12 hours before surgery; iii) if the volume status gets out of control post surgery, intensive care treatment using dopamine or loop diuretics should be stopped after 12–24 hours in case of treatment failure; iv) reduce the dose of or better avoid nephrotoxic substances (radio contrast media, antibiotics, non-steroidal pain killers; v) start effective renal replacement therapy early (daily intermittent or continuous hemodialysis, hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration).

Zusammenfassung

Die diabetische Mikro- und Makroangiopathie führt zur Retinopathie, Nephropathie, zu allgemeiner peripherer Gefäßsklerose und koronarer Herzkrankheit. Diabetiker mit manifester Comorbidität (Nephropathie, Gefäßsklerose) haben das höchste Mortalitätsrisiko nach Bypasschirurgie. Die Revaskularisierungsoperation hat Vorteile gegenüber den Katheterinterventionen mit und ohne Stent-Implantation, die Chirurgie am schlagenden Herzen ohne Einsatz eines kardiopulmonalen Bypasses („off-pump“) hat Vorteile gegenüber der „on-pump“ Chirurgie.

Zur Prävention eines perioperativen akuten Nierenversagens bei Diabetikern, die sich einer Herzoperation unterziehen müssen, sind folgende Punkte zu beachten: i) der Grad einer vorbestehenden Nierenschädigung muss präoperativ bekannt sein (Kreatininclearance, Albuminurie, arterieller Hypertonus), ii) engmaschige Kontrolle des Volumenstatus und der Oxygenierung, beginnend 12 Stunden präoperativ, iii) bei Veränderungen des Volumenstatus Versuch konservativer Maßnahmen (z. B. Dopamin, Schleifendiuretika) für maximal 12–24 Stunden, iv) Dosisanpassung bzw. Vermeidung nephrotoxischer Substanzen, v) frühzeitiger Beginn einer effektiven Nierenersatztherapie (täglich intermittierende oder kontinuierliche Hämodialyse, Hämofiltration oder Hämodiafiltration).

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Correspondence to G. Lonnemann.

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Lonnemann, G. Diabetische Nephropathie—. Clin Res Cardiol 95 (Suppl 1), i54–i58 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-006-1102-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-006-1102-3

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