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Biologische Alterungsmechanismen im Herz-Kreislauf-System

Biological mechanisms of aging in the cardiovascular system

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Zusammenfassung

Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, die am Ende der Bandbreite von degenerativen Prozessen stehen, sind eine der häufigsten Todesursachen weltweit. Einen kausalen Beitrag zu diesen und vielen anderen Erkrankungen leisten zentrale biologische Alterungsmechanismen, die als die „hallmarks of aging“ zusammengefasst wurden. Dazu gehören die Akkumulation makromolekularer Schäden, epigenetische Veränderungen, eine gestörte Proteostase, Telomerverkürzung, mitochondriale Dysfunktion, zelluläre Seneszenz, Entzündungsreaktionen, ein veränderter Metabolismus sowie gestörte, zelluläre Kommunikation und Veränderungen in der Stammzellnische. Im kardiovaskulären System sind v. a. oxidativer und glykativer Stress als Quelle makromolekularer Schäden von Bedeutung. Die so verursachten, schleichenden Veränderungen reduzieren die Resilienz und Resistenz des Herzens und der Gefäße gegenüber Stress und führen letztendlich zu Funktionseinschränkungen und Erkrankungen. Ein möglicher, neuartiger Ansatz, der nicht auf eine Intervention gegen die klassischen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, sondern gegen die Hallmarks of aging abzielt und als Geroscience bezeichnet wird, liefert wertvolle Konzepte, muss sich in der Zukunft aber noch beweisen.

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases, which are at the end of a spectrum of degenerative processes, are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A causal contribution to these and many other diseases is made by key biological aging mechanisms that have been summarized as the hallmarks of aging. These include accumulation of macromolecular damage, epigenetic changes, impaired proteostasis, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, inflammatory reactions, altered metabolism, impaired cellular communication and changes in the stem cell niche. In the cardiovascular system, oxidative and glycative stress are particularly important as sources of macromolecular damage. These induced insidious changes reduce the resilience and resistance of the heart and vessels to stress, ultimately leading to functional impairments and diseases. A possible novel approach, which does not aim at an intervention against the classical cardiovascular diseases but against the hallmarks of aging, and is termed geroscience, provides valuable concepts but still has to prove itself in the future.

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Förderung

Die Autoren wurden gefördert über die DFG GRK 2155 ProMoAge (AS) und das Projekt BioSALSA (ID: ZS/2019/07/99752) des Verbundprojektes „Autonomie im Alter“ (AiA, gefördert von der Europäischen Union und dem Land Sachsen-Anhalt, AG, AS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Herzchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland

    Anne Großkopf, Lars Saemann, Gábor Szabó &  Andreas Simm

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  1. Anne Großkopf
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  2. Lars Saemann
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  3. Gábor Szabó
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Correspondence to Andreas Simm.

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A. Großkopf, L. Saemann, G. Szabó und A. Simm geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Großkopf, A., Saemann, L., Szabó, G. et al. Biologische Alterungsmechanismen im Herz-Kreislauf-System. Z Gerontol Geriat 55, 455–460 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-022-02094-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-022-02094-8

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