Zusammenfassung
Eine unzureichende Versorgung mit den essenziellen Spurenelementen Selen und Zink wurde mit einer Schwächung des Immunsystems und der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit bei älteren Personen und mit der Entstehung altersassoziierter Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht. In Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln werden beide Spurenelemente oft als „Antioxidanzien“ beworben. Zwar sind weder Selen noch Zink direkte Antioxidanzien, beide können aber als Bestandteil von Enzymen und anderen Proteinen Redoxreaktionen katalysieren bzw. zur Erhaltung der Redoxhomöostase beitragen. Gemäß epidemiologischen Daten können die Selen- und Zink-Plasma-Werte älterer Menschen vermindert sein. Solche Befunde begründen keinen Kausalzusammenhang, umso mehr als es bisher nur wenige Interventionsstudien gibt, die zudem widersprüchliche und z. T unerwartete nachteilige Ergebnisse einer Supplementation aufgezeigt haben. Eine verringerte Versorgung durch die Nahrung muss nicht die einzige Ursache für niedrige Plasmawerte von Spurenelementen bei älteren Menschen sein; weitere Faktoren, wie z. B. medikamentöse Behandlungen oder Interaktionen mit anderen Nahrungsbestandteilen, können die Aufnahme und Verteilung von Spurenelementen im Körper beeinflussen. In jedem Einzelfall ist sorgfältig abzuwägen, ob die Supplementierung der Nahrung mit Mineralstoffpräparaten notwendig ist. Personen, die Nahrungsergänzungsmittel einnehmen wollen, sollten zuvor ihren Arzt konsultieren. Im Folgenden werden die Rollen von Selen und Zink in biologischen antioxidativen Systemen diskutiert. Ein Überblick über Studien zur Versorgung von älteren Menschen mit diesen Spurenelementen und deren Bedeutung für die Gesundheit im Alter, insbesondere im Hinblick auf kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und auf Diabetes mellitus Typ 2, wird präsentiert.
Abstract
Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements and an inadequate dietary intake has been implicated in the decline of immune and cognitive functions in aged persons and in the pathogenesis of age-related disorders. Both micronutrients are often marketed as “antioxidants” in mineral supplements; however, neither selenium nor zinc are antioxidants per se but they may exert beneficial effects as components of enzymes and other proteins that catalyze redox reactions and/or are involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis. According to epidemiological data older individuals have an increased risk of developing deficiencies in the selenium and zinc status; however, such statistical correlations in epidemiological studies do not imply a causal association. Intervention trials are scarce and have yielded inconsistent and sometimes even adverse results. It should also be noted that the observed deficiencies in micronutrients may not necessarily be attributable to inadequate dietary intake as the absorption and distribution within the body might also be influenced by factors such as medications or interaction with other food ingredients. Thus, any dietary supplementation should be implemented with caution and persons who wish to take mineral supplements should first seek medical advice. This article discusses the role of selenium and zinc in biological antioxidant systems, summarizes findings on the supply and supplementation of aged persons with these trace elements and on the influence they may exert on aging-related health issues, such as cognitive decline and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Notes
Die aktuellen D‑A-CH Werte sind auf der Internetseite der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE) unter www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/ abrufbar.
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Arbeiten der Autoren werden von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert (Graduiertenkolleg 2155, ProMoAge).
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Steinbrenner, H., Klotz, LO. Selen und Zink: „Antioxidanzien“ für ein gesundes Altern?. Z Gerontol Geriat 53, 295–302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-020-01735-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-020-01735-0