Skip to main content
Log in

Antikoagulation bei Vorhofflimmern

Anticoagulation at atrial fibrillation

  • KLINISCHE PRAXIS
  • Published:
Intensivmedizin + Notfallmedizin

Summary

Atrial fibrillation is a strong and independant risk factor for thromboembolic complications, which are responsible for many strokes. It is often difficult to decide whether a patient with atrial fibrillation should receive anticoagulative therapy. The anticoagulative drug of choice is also often unclear. Although the risk of stroke is lower when oral anticoagulation is used, anticoagulative drugs frequently cause bleeding. This article focuses on a benefit-risk stratification that can be performed before starting oral anticoagulative therapy. This stratification leads to three groups of patients with low, medium and high risk for stroke. Based on this stratification, the choice of adequate anticoagulative drug, the intensity and the duration can be made. Patients suffering from permanent atrial fibrillation with an age below 60 years without other risk factors receive ASS or no anticoagulative therapy. Patients older than 60 years or with a medium to high risk of stroke should be treated with Phenprocoumon (INR 2.5). An INR of 3 can be defined as a target for patients with rheumatic valves, mitral stenosis, prosthetic heart valves, prior stroke or persistent thrombus of the left atrium. In persistent atrial fibrillation the anticoagulative therapy is often determined by the duration and the presence of a thrombus in the left atrium. Bleeding related to anticoagulative drugs can be significantly reduced by stable INR values and avoidance of INR>3.

Zusammenfassung

Vorhofflimmern ist ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für arterielle Embolien und somit für einen großen Teil der cerebralen Insulte verantwortlich. Ob und wie ein Patient mit Vorhofflimmern antikoaguliert werden soll, ist ein häufiges klinisches Problem. Einerseits senkt eine orale Antikoagulationstherapie das Schlaganfallrisiko, andererseits erhöht diese Therapie das Blutungsrisiko. Dieser Artikel zeigt wie eine individuelle Risiko- Nutzen-Abschätzung für den Patienten vor dem Beginn einer Antikoagulationstherapie gestellt werden sollte. Anhand dieser Risikostratifizierung werden die Patienten in drei Gruppen mit niedrigem, mittlerem und hohem Schlaganfallrisiko eingeteilt. Diese Einteilung ist maßgeblich für die Wahl des Präparates, die Intensität der Antikoagulationstherapie sowie für deren Dauer. Daraus ergeben sich für das permanente Vorhofflimmern folgende Therapieempfehlungen: Patienten, die jünger als 60 Jahre sind und keine weiteren Risikofaktoren haben erhalten ASS oder keine Antikoagulation. Patienten, die älter als 60 Jahre sind oder ein mittleres bis hohes Schlaganfallrisiko aufweisen erhalten Phenprocoumon (INR 2,5). Eine INR von 3 ist bei Patienten mit rheumatischen Klappenveränderungen, Mitralstenose, Kunstklappen, stattgehabten Insult oder persistierenden Vorhofthrombus indiziert. Beim persistierendem Vorhofflimmern wird die Antikoagulationstherapie wesentlich von der Dauer des Vorhofflimmerns und von Nachweis bzw. Ausschluss eines Vorhofthrombus bestimmt. Das Blutungsrisiko einer oralen Antikoagulationstherapie kann durch eine stabile Einstellung der INR (< 3) entschieden reduziert werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB (1991) Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke 22:983–988

    Google Scholar 

  2. Longstreth WTC Jr, Bernick C, Fitzpatrick A, Cushman M, Knepper L, Lima J, Furberg CD (2001) Frequency and predictors of stroke death in 5888 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology 56:368–375

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sherman DG, Goldman L, Whiting RB, Juergensen K, Kaste M, Easton JD (1984) Thrombembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Neurol 41:708–710

    Google Scholar 

  4. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators (1994) Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomised controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 154:1449–1457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lin HJ, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, Beiser AS, Kase CS, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB (1996) Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Stroke Study. Stroke 27:1765

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hart RG, Benavente O, Mcbride R, Pearce LA (1999) Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 131:482–501

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hart RG (2003) Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Prevention. N Engl J Med 349:1015–1016

    Google Scholar 

  8. ACC/AHA/ESC practise guidelines (2001) Eur Heart J 22:1893–1902

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pearce LA, Hart RG, Halperin JL (2000) Assessment of three schemes for stratifying stroke risk in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Am J Med 109:45–51

    Google Scholar 

  10. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen ED, Andersen B (1989) Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thrombembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFSAK Study. Lancet 1:175

    Google Scholar 

  11. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with wafarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (2003) (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362:1691–1698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS (1998) Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with wafarin. Am J Med 105:91–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group (1995) Optimal oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and recurrent cerebral ischemia. N Engl J Med 333:5–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y, Jensvold NG, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE (2003) Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 349:1019–1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pengo V, Zasso A, Barbero F, Banzato A, Nante G, Parissenti L, John N, Noventa F, Dalla Volta S (1998) Effectiveness of fixed minidose warfarin in the prevention of thrombembolism and vascular death in nonrheumatic atial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 82:433–437

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fihn SD, Callahan CM, Martin DC for the National Consortium of Anticoagulation Clinics (1996) The risk for and severity of bleeding complications in elderly patients treated with warfarin. Ann Intern Med 124:970

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stein PD, Alpert JS, Bussey HI, Dalen JE, Turpie AG (2001) Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest 119:220–227

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pape, A., Tebbenjohanns, J. Antikoagulation bei Vorhofflimmern. Intensivmed + Notfallmed 42, 74–78 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-005-0523-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-005-0523-y

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation