A less invasive technique for delayed bladder exstrophy closure without fascia closure and immobilisation: can the need for prolonged anaesthesia be avoided?

Abstract

Introduction

It is believed that the main factors enhancing security of the bladder exstrophy closure are use of osteotomy, pubic bones approximation or transferred flaps for rectus fascia closure. However, these methods increase operating time, surgical trauma and carry risks for the patient.

Objectives

To demonstrate that the goal of secure bladder exstrophy closure can be achieved easier technically and safer for the child than previously thought. The paper examines the hypothesis that less invasive bladder exstrophy closure achieved without fascia closure can reduce pain and avoid the need for immobilization and prolonged analgesia.

Study design

Patients aged 34 days to 15 years (n = 36) from 37 who consecutively referred to the institution with classical bladder exstrophy between 2004 and 2016 underwent modified delayed primary (25) or redo (11) closure. One boy with low weight was excluded. Patient and treatment features were analysed to determine needs for immobilisation and anaesthesia in the postoperative period, and outcomes.

Procedure

Bladder exstrophy closure with proximal urethroplasty was performed with the detachment of crura from the ishiopubic rami and levators—from obturator internus muscle. Abdominal wall closure was accomplished with skin and subcutaneous fat mobilisation without rectus fascia closure. No method of immobilization was applied.

Results and limitations

Bladder closures have been successful in all 36 children in this report after 37 months (22–138) follow up. The surgeries took time between 126 and 215 min (mean − 148). After 1 day in the ICU the majority of the patients (34/36) were returned to the ward. No bladder spasms or signs of acute pain were noted in the ward; therefore, no local anesthesia or opioids were needed. Intravenous analgesia with non-narcotic analgesics was used for all patients in the ward for an average period 2.2 days (95% CI 2–4 days).

Complications

Minor complications: two fistulas, which closed spontaneously; three bladder outlet obstructions, each required one endoscopic incision. No major complications of exstrophy closure such as dehiscence or bladder prolapse were occurred.

Conclusions

The proposed less invasive technique with relieved postoperative program is the way to obtain successful bladder exstrophy closure as well as to reduce some risks for the patients. Absence of major complications, and avoiding the need for immobilisation and prolonged analgesia, contribute to the benefits of this approach.