Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Congenital cystic lung disease: contemporary antenatal and postnatal management

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Pediatric Surgery International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Congenital cystic lung disease comprises a broad spectrum of rare but clinically significant developmental abnormalities, including congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformations, bronchopulmonary sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, and congenital lobar emphysema that result from perturbations in lung and airway embryogenesis. As congenital lung lesions are now more commonly recognized antenatally, mothers require accurate prenatal counseling and appropriate perinatal management. In light of long-term complications of infection and malignancy, there is growing consensus that infants with asymptomatic lesions should undergo elective excision of congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation (CPAM) or bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS). This review will focus on advancements and current practice in the diagnosis and management of CPAM and BPS, identifying aspects of the literature that are confusing or controversial. Although our knowledge and pre- and postnatal management of lung lesions will continue to evolve and improve, there is a compelling need for a unified clinical and pathological classification system that creates a common platform for discussion, clinical management, and research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Clements BS, Warner J (1987) Pulmonary sequestration and related congenital bronchopulmonary—vasculature malformations: nomenclature and classification based on anatomical and embryological considerations. Thorax 42:401–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Barnes NA, Pilling DW (2003) Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: embryology, radiology, and quandary. Eur Radiol 13:2659–2673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pinkerton HJ, Oldham KT (2005) Lung. In: Oldham KT, Colombani PM, Foglia R, Skinner MA (eds) Principles and practice of pediatric surgery, chap 61, vol 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

  4. Adzick NS, Farmer DL (2006) Cysts of the lungs and mediastinum. In: Grosfeld JL, O’Neill JA Jr, Coran AG, Fonkalsrud EW (eds) Pediatric surgery, 6th edn, chap 61, vol 1. Mosby Inc., Philadelphia

  5. Mendeloff EN (2004) Sequestrations, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations, and congenital lobar emphysema. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 16:209–214

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kunisaki SM, Fauza DO, Nemes LP et al (2006) Bronchial atresia: the hidden pathology within a spectrum of prenatally diagnosed lung masses. J Pediatr Surg 41:61–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Keswani SG, Crombleholme TM, Pawel BR et al (2005) Prenatal diagnosis and management of mainstem bronchial atresia. Fetal Diagn Ther 20:74–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Stocker JT, Madewell JE, Drake RM (1977) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: classification and morphologic spectrum. Hum Pathol 8:155–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stocker JT (2002) Congenital pulmonary airway malformation: a new name and expanded classification of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Histopathology 41(Suppl):424–431

    Google Scholar 

  10. Langston C (2003) New concepts in the pathology of congenital lung malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg 12:17–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cass DL, Crombleholme TM, Howell LJ et al (1997) Cystic lung lesions with systemic arterial blood supply: a hybrid of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestration. J Pediatr Surg 32:986–990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Clements BS (1999) Congenital malformations of the lungs and airways. In: Tausing LM, Landau LI (eds) Pediatric respirology medicine. Mosby, St. Louis, p 1106

    Google Scholar 

  13. Laberge JM, Puligandla P, Flageole H (2005) Asymptomatic congenital lung malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg 14:16–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sauvat F, Michel J-L, Benachi A, Emond S et al (2003) Management of asymptomatic neonatal cystic adenomatoid malformations. J Pediatr Surg 38:584–552

    Google Scholar 

  15. Davenport M, Warne SA, Cacciaguerra S, Patel S et al (2004) Current outcome of antenatally diagnosed cystic lung disease. J Pediatr Surg 39:549–555

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hirose R, Suita S, Taguchi T (1995) Extralobar pulmonary sequestration mimicking cystic adenomatoid malformation in prenatal sonographic appearance and histologic findings. J Pediatr Surg 30:1390–1393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Conran RM, Stocker JT (1999) Extralobar sequestration with frequently associated congenital cystic malformation, type 2: report of 50 cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2:454–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Stocker JT (2001) The respiratory tract. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP (eds) Pediatric pathology. 2nd edn, vol 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, chap 13

  19. Wilson RD, Hedrick HL, Liechty KW, Flake AW et al (2006) Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: review of genetics, prenatal diagnosis, and in utero treatment. Am J Med Genet 140A:151–155

    Google Scholar 

  20. Walker J, Cudmore RE (1990) Respiratory problems and cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung. Arch Dis Child 65:649–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Laberge JM, Flageole H, Pugash D, Khalife S et al (2001) Outcome of the prenatally diagnosed congenital cystic adenomatoid lung malformation: a Canadian experience. Fetal Diagn Ther 16:178–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW et al (1998) Fetal lung lesions: management and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179:884–889

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cass DL, Quinn TM, Yang EY, Liechty KW et al (1998) Increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis characterize congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 33:1043–1046

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Volpe MV, Pham L, Lessin M, Ralston SJ et al (2003) Expression of Hoxb-5 during human lung development and in congenital lung malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 67:550–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Simonet WS, DeRose MI, Bucay N, Nguyen HQ et al (1995) Pulmonary malformation in transgenic mice expressing human keratinocyte growth factor in the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:12461–12465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Quinn TM, Cass DL, et al (1999) Elevated platelet-derived growth factor-B in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations requiring fetal resection. J Pediatr Surg 34:805–810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hernanz-Schulman M (1993) Cysts and cystlike lesions of the lung. Radiol Clin North Am 31:631–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lim FY, Crombleholme TM, Hedrick HL et al (2003) Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: natural history and management. J Pediatr Surg 38:940–945

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hernanz-Schulman M, Stein SM, Neblett WW, Atkinson JB et al (1991) Pulmonary sequestration: diagnosis with color Doppler sonography and a new theory of associated hydrothorax. Radiology 180:817–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bianchi DW, Crombleholme TM, D’Alton ME (2000) Cystic adenomatoid malformation. In: Bianchi DW, Crombleholme TM, D’Alton ME Fetology: diagnosis and management of the fetal patient. McGraw-Hill, New York, chap 37

  31. Cloutier MM, Schaeffer DA, Hight D (1993) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Chest 103:761–764

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Schwartz DS, Reyes-Mugica M, Keller MS (1999) Imaging of surgical diseases of the newborn chest. Radiol Clin North Am 37:1067–1078

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Morotti RA, Cangiarella J, Gutierrez MC, Jagirdar J et al (1999) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM): evaluation of the cellular components. Hum Pathol 30:618–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kreiger PA, Ruchelli ED, Mahboubi S, Hedrick H et al (2006) Fetal pulmonary malformations: defining histopathology. Am J Surg Pathol 30:643–649

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Williams HJ, Johnson KJ (2002) Imaging of congenital cystic lung lesions. Paediatr Respir Rev 3:120–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Glick PL, Golbus MS et al (1985) Fetal cystic adenomatoid malformation: prenatal diagnosis and natural history. J Pediatr Surg 20:483–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Jennings RW, Duncan BW et al (1990) Antenatal intervention for congenital cystic adenomatoid cystic malformation. Lancet 336:965–967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bentur L, Canny G, Thorner P, Superina R et al (1991) Spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic adenomatoid malformation. Unusual clinical and histologic features. Chest 99:1292–1293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cha I, Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Finkbeiner WE et al (1997) Fetal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of eleven cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:537–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Adzick NS (1993) Fetal thoracic lesions. Semin Pediatr Surg 2:103–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Blau H, Barak A, Karmazyn B, Mussaffi H et al (2002) Postnatal management of resolving fetal lung lesions. Pediatrics 109:105–108

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Goldstein RB (2000) Ultrasound evaluation of the fetal thorax. In: Callen PW (ed) Ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology. 4th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p 426

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sanders RC (2002) Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM). In: Sanders RC (ed) Structural fetal abnormalities: the total picture. 2nd edn, Mosby, St Louis, pp 181–182

    Google Scholar 

  44. Sanders RC (2002) Pulmonary sequestration. In: Sanders RC (ed) Structural fetal abnormalities: the total picture, 2nd edn. Mosby, St Louis, pp 193–195

    Google Scholar 

  45. May DA, Barth RA, Yeager S, Nussbaum-Blask A et al (1993) Perinatal and postnatal chest sonography. Radiol Clin North Am 31:499–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Crombleholme TM, Coleman B, Hedrick HL, Liechty K et al (2002) Cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio predicts outcome in prenatally diagnosed cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 37:331–338

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Roggin KK, Breuer CK, Carr SR, Hansen K et al (2000) The unpredictable character of congenital cystic lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg 35:801–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. MacGillivray TE, Harrison MR, Goldstein RB, Adzick NS et al (1993) Disappearing fetal lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg 28:1321–1325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Winters WD, Effmann EL, Nghiem HV, Nyberg DA et al (1997) Disappearing fetal lung masses: importance of postnatal imaging studies. Pediatr Radiol 27:535–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Flake AW et al (1993) Fetal surgery for cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 28:806–812

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Taguchi T, Suita S, Yamanouchi T, Nagano M et al (1995) Antenatal diagnosis surgical management of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Fetal Diagn Ther 10:400–407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. daSilva OP, Ramanan R, Romano W, Bocking A et al (1996) Nonimmune hydrops fetalis, pulmonary sequestration, and favorable neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 88:681–683

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Diamond IR, Wales PW, Smith A (2003) Survival after CCAM associated with ascites: a report of a case and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 38:EL-3

    Google Scholar 

  54. Creasy R (1979) Mirror syndromes. In: Goodlin RC (ed) Care of the fetus, Masson, New York, pp 48–55

    Google Scholar 

  55. van Leeuwen K, Teitelbaum DH, Hirschl RB, Austin E et al (1999) Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and its postnatal presentation, surgical indications, and natural history. J Pediatr Surg 34:794–799

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bunduki V, Ruano R, da Silva MM, Miquelez J et al (2000) Prognostic factors associated with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Prenat Diagn 20:459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Miller JA, Corteville JE, Langer JC (1996) Natural history and predictors of outcome. J Pediatr Surg 31:805–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Clark SL, Vitale DJ, Minton SC, Stoddard RA et al (1987) Successful fetal therapy for cystic adenomatoid malformation associated with second trimester hydrops. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:294–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bernaschek G, Deutinger J, Hansmann M, Bald R et al (1994) Feto-amniotic shunting–report of the experience of four European centres. Prenat Diagn 14:821–833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wilson RD, Baxter JK, Johnson MP, King M et al (2004) Thoracoamniotic shunts: fetal treatment of pleural effusions and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Fetal Diagn Ther 19:413–420

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Viggiano MB, Naves do Amaral W, Peres Fonseca PS, Hamu ZC et al (2006) Prenatal catheter placement for fetal cystic adenomatoid pulmonary malformation: a case report. Fetal Diagn Ther 21:194–197

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tsao K, Hawgood S, Vu L et al (2003) Resolution of hydrops fetalis in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation after prenatal steroid therapy. J Pediatr Surg 38:508–510

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Peranteau WH, Wilson RD, Liechty KW, et al (2007) The effect of maternal betamethasone administration on prenatal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation growth and fetal survival. Fetal Diagn Ther 22:365–371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hedrick HL, Flake AW, Crombleholme TM, Howell LJ et al (2005) The exutero intrapartum therapy procedure for high-risk fetal lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg 40:1038–1043 discussion 1044

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Szarnicki R, Maurseth K, deLoval M et al (1978) Tracheal compression by the aortic arch following right pneumonectomy in infancy. Ann Thorac Surg 25:231–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Mentzer SJ, Filler RM, Phillips J (1992) Limited pulmonary resections for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 27:1410–1413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Aziz D, Langer JC, Tuuha SE, Ryan G et al (2004) Perinatally diagnosed asymptomatic congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: to resect or not? J Pediatr Surg 39:329–334

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hsieh CC, Chao AS, Chang YL, Kuo DM et al (2005) Outcome of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung after antenatal diagnosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89:99–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Federici S, Domenichelli V, Tani G et al (2001) Pleuropulmonary blastoma in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: report of a case. Eur J Pediatr Surg 11:196–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Picaud JC, Levrey H, Bouvier R, Chappuis JP et al (2000) Bilateral cystic pleuropulmonary blastoma in early infancy. J Pediatr 136:834–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sudou M, Sugi K, Murakami T (2003) Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma arising from a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in an adolescent. The first case report from the orient. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126:902–903

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ozcan C, Celik A, Ural Z, Veral A et al (2001) Primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma arising within cystic adenomatoid malformation: a case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 36:1062–1065

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. d’Agostino S, Bonoldi E, Dante S, Meli S et al (1997) Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung arising in cystic adenomatoid malformation: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 32:1381–1383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Benjamin DR, Cahill JL (1991) Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Am J Clin Pathol 95:889–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hancock BJ, Di Lorenzo M, Youssef S, Yazbeck S et al (1993) Childhood primary pulmonary neoplasms. J Pediatr Surg 28:1133–1136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tsai A, Liechty KW, Hedrick HL, et al (2008) Outcomes following resection of prenatally diagnosed asymptomatic cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 43:513–517

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Carter R (1969) Pulmonary sequestration. Ann Thorac Surg 7:68–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Collin P, Desjardins JG, Khan AH (1987) Pulmonary sequestration. J Pediatr Surg 22:750–753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Landing BH, Dixon LG (1979) Congenital malformations and genetic disorders of the respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs). Am Rev Respir Dis 120:151–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ryckman FC, Rosenkrantz JG (1985) Thoracic surgical problems in infancy and childhood. Surg Clin North Am 65:1423–1454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. De Lorimer AA (1986) Congenital malformations and neonatal problems of the respiratory tract. In: Welch KJ, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM et al (eds) Pediatric surgery, 4th edn. Year Book Medical, Chicago, p 631

    Google Scholar 

  82. Wesley JR, Heidelberger KP, DiPietro MA, Cho KJ et al (1986) Diagnosis and management of congenital cystic disease of the lung in children. J Pediatr Surg 21:202–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Eisenberg P, Cohen HL, Coren C (1992) Color Doppler in pulmonary sequestration diagnosis. J Ultrasound Med 11:175–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Luetic T, Crombleholme TM, Semple JP, D’Alton M et al (1995) Early prenatal diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration with associated diaphragmatic hernia. J Ultrasound Med 14:533–535

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Quinn TM, Hubbard AM, Adzick NS (1998) Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging enhances prenatal diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg 33:553–558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Davies RP, Ford A, Lequesne GW, Orell SR et al (1989) Ultrasonic detection of subdiaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration in utero and postnatal diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy. J Ultrasound Med 8:47–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sauerbrei E (1992) Lung sequestration: duplex Doppler diagnosis at 12 weeks’ gestation. J Ultrasound Med 10:101–105

    Google Scholar 

  88. Ohmichi M, Tasaka K, Sugita N, Kamata S et al (1989) Hydramnios associated with congenital mesoblastic nephroma: case report. Obstet Gynecol 4:469–471

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ho PT, Estroff JA, Kozakewich H, Shamberger RC et al (1993) Prenatal detection of neuroblastoma: a ten year experience from the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital. Pediatrics 42:358–364

    Google Scholar 

  90. Warner CL, Britt RL, Riley HD Jr (1958) Bronchopulmonary sequestration in infancy or childhood. J Pediatr 53:521–528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Williams AO, Enumah FI (1968) Extralobar pulmonary sequestration. Thorax 23:200–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rodgers BM, Harmon PK, Johnson AM (1986) Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: the spectrum of anomalies. Ann Surg 203:517–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Morin L, Crombleholme TM, D’Alton ME (1994) Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal thoracic lesions. Semin Perinatol 18:228–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Boiskin I, Bruner JP, Jeanty P (1991) Lung, extralobar intrathoracic sequestration, torsion. The Fetus 1:74–85

    Google Scholar 

  95. Dolkhart LA, Reimers FT, Helmuth WV, Porte MA et al (1992) Antenatal diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 47:515–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Thilenius OG, Ruschhaupt DG, Replogle RL, Bharati S et al (1983) Spectrum of pulmonary sequestration: association with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infants. Pediatr Cardiol 4:97–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. White JJ, Donahoo JS, Ostrow PT, Murphy J et al (1974) Cardiovascular and respiratory manifestations of pulmonary sequestration in childhood. Ann Thorac Surg 18:286–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Thomas CS, Leopold GR, Hilton S et al (1986) Fetal hydrops associated with extralobar pulmonary sequestration. J Ultrasound Med 5:668–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Weiner C, Varner M, Pringle K, Hein H et al (1986) Antenatal diagnosis and palliative treatment of nonimmune hydrops fetalis secondary to pulmonary extralobar sequestration. Obstet Gynecol 68:275–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Slotnick RN, McGahan J, Milio L, Schwartz M et al (1990) Antenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal bronchopulmonary sequestration. Fetal Diagn 5:33–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Jouppila P, Kirkinen P, Herva R, Koivisto M (1983) Prenatal diagnosis of pleural effusion by ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 11:516–519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kristoffersen SE, Ipsen L (1984) Ultrasonic real time diagnosis of hydrothorax before delivery in an infant with extralobar lung sequestration. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:723–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Stein SM, Cox JL, Hernanz-Schulman M, Kirchner SG et al (1992) Pediatric chest disease: evaluation by computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. South Med J 85:735–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Gottrup F, Lund C (1978) Intralobar pulmonary sequestration: a report of 12 cases. Scand J Respir Dis 59:21–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. O’Mara CS, Baker RR, Jeyasingham K (1978) Pulmonary sequestration. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147:609–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Corbett HJ, Humphrey GM (2004) Pulmonary sequestration. Paediatr Respir Rev 5:59–68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati, Division of Thoracic and General Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA

    Richard G. Azizkhan & Timothy M. Crombleholme

Authors
  1. Richard G. Azizkhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Timothy M. Crombleholme
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard G. Azizkhan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Azizkhan, R.G., Crombleholme, T.M. Congenital cystic lung disease: contemporary antenatal and postnatal management. Pediatr Surg Int 24, 643–657 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-008-2139-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-008-2139-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation