Abstract
Using observational datasets and model simulation outputs, we investigate the impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on the interannual relationship between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and East Asian early summer monsoon (EAESM). We find that the AMO can modulate the interannual ENSO-EAESM relationship via a tropical pathway by affecting the ENSO amplitude, specifically, the ENSO is stronger during the negative AMO phase, which favors a close ENSO-EAESM relationship, while the ENSO is weaker during the positive AMO phase, which may lead to an insignificant relationship with the EAESM. The AMO-related Atlantic sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) are conducive to an anomalous Walker circulation, causing trade wind anomalies over the equatorial Pacific, disturbing the thermocline, and finally affecting ENSO amplitude by altering the equatorial Pacific upper-ocean stratification. The amplitude of the ENSO further determines the ENSO-EAESM correlation. The CESM1 large ensemble results of idealized experiment confirm the observational results. The climate models of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) exhibit large inter-model spread in representing the AMO’s modulation on the ENSO-EAESM relationship. This is primarily due to their varying performances in simulating the relationship between the AMO and ENSO amplitude through the inter-basin Atlantic-Pacific Ocean coupling capacity, that is, whether the related SSTAs can trigger the Bjerknes feedback over the Pacific Ocean in the model.
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Data availability
The ERSST.V5 is obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html. The ERA-20C reanalysis dataset is available at https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/era20cmoda/levtype=pl/type=an/?month_years=1900&levelist-param=850;131.128. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset is derived from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html, and the SODA2.2.4 data are derived from http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.CARTONGIESE/.SODA/.v2p0p2-4/. The CESM1 model is available from https://doi.org/10.26024/rn3t-ep30. The CMIP6 outputs used in this study can be obtained from https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/cmip6/.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 42192562 and 41975106). Jing Ma is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42030605). Meng Xu is supported by the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Government of Jiangsu Province (KYCX22_1143). We appreciate the support of the High Performance Computing Center of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology for this work.
Funding
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 42192562, 41975106 and 42030605) and the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Government of Jiangsu Province (KYCX22_1143).
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MX contributed to do the analyses, made the figures and wrote the first draft of the paper. HX formulated the main ideas, contributed to the design of the analyses, and helped review and editing the manuscript. JM and JD helped review and editing the manuscript.
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Xu, M., Xu, H., Ma, J. et al. Modulation of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on ENSO-East Asian early summer monsoon connection: role of a tropical pathway. Clim Dyn 61, 4301–4318 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06811-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06811-w