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On the signatures of local and regional dynamics in the distribution of lower stratospheric water vapour over Indian region using balloon-borne and satellite observations

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Abstract

Balloon-borne cryogenic frost-point hygrometer (CFH) observations over two tropical stations Trivandrum (8.53° N, 76.87° E) and Hyderabad (17.47° N, 78.58° E) [2014–2017] along with Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations [2011–2017] are used to examine the signatures of local and regional dynamics in the distribution of lower stratospheric water vapour over the Indian region. The column-integrated water vapour in the lower stratosphere (IWVLS) varies in the range 2.5–5 g/m2 with low values during winter and high values during summer monsoon and post monsoon seasons. About 50–75% of IWVLS lies in the lower regime of the lower stratosphere, the region from cold point tropopause (CPT) to 21 km (LS1). Hygropause is very near to the CPT in winter and pre-monsoon and 2–3 km above the CPT in summer-monsoon and post-monsoon. The CPT and the minimum in saturated mixing ratio (SMRmin) altitudes show a positive correlation, with SMRmin mostly occurring below the CPT. Though water vapour mixing ratio (WVMR) at CPT increases with increase in SMRmin, it is mostly less than the corresponding SMRmin value. CFH observations showed that the tape recorder signal in the LS1 is disturbed by the local/regional dynamics. While the amount of water vapour entering the lower stratosphere is higher over Hyderabad in winter and summer monsoon, it is higher over Trivandrum in the other two seasons. Hydration at the tropopause level is mainly determined by the overshooting/deep convection, monsoon dynamics and horizontal transport and dehydration is determined by temperature variations in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL).

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Data availability

The CFH and radiosonde data analysed during the current study will be available on reasonable request to the corresponding author. Other datasets used are available in the public domains. The Aura-MLS data was obtained from NASA through their website (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/). KALPANA-1 and INSAT-3D VHRR Brightness temperature data was obtained from MOSDAC website (www.mosdac.gov.in). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for provided the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model for calculating the back trajectories used in this paper.

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Acknowledgements

CFH observations used for this study were conducted as a part of TTD (Tropical Tropopause Dynamics) experiments under the GARNETS (GPS Aided Radiosonde Network Experiment for Troposphere-stratosphere Studies) programme of Space Physics Laboratory (SPL). The authors are thankful to the technical and scientific staff of SPL and METF (Meteorological Facility) of VSSC and TIFR-BF (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Balloon Facility) for their dedicated efforts in conducting the CFH experiments. We thank the MLS team for providing H2O data and MOSDAC team for KALPANA/INSAT-3D data. The authors acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model used in this paper.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, India

    Maria Emmanuel, S. V. Sunilkumar, P. R. Satheesh Chandran & M. Muhsin

  2. Department of Physics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India

    P. R. Satheesh Chandran

  3. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India

    Maria Emmanuel

  4. Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kozhikode, India

    M. Muhsin

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Field experiment and data collection, methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft: ME. Supervision, conceptualization, experiment design and execution, methodology and reviewing and editing manuscript: SVS. Field experiment and data collection: SC and MM

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Emmanuel, M., Sunilkumar, S.V., Satheesh Chandran, P.R. et al. On the signatures of local and regional dynamics in the distribution of lower stratospheric water vapour over Indian region using balloon-borne and satellite observations. Clim Dyn 61, 3379–3396 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06749-z

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