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Aerosol sensitivity simulations over East Asia in a convection-permitting climate model

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A Correction to this article was published on 30 January 2024

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Abstract

The parameterization of deep convection is one of the primary sources of uncertainties in regional climate simulations. Due to computational constraints, long-term kilometer-scale simulations with explicit deep convection have been limited, especially over East Asia. We here conduct a pair of 10-years (2001–2010) reference simulations, one convection-parameterizing simulation at 12 km (0.11\(^{\circ }\)) resolution covering the CORDEX East Asia domain, and one 4.4-km (0.04\(^{\circ }\)) convection-permitting simulation over a subdomain. The two simulations are driven by the ERA5 reanalysis and the coarser-resolution simulation, respectively. The 4.4-km convection-permitting simulation noticeably improves the representation of the top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave and shortwave radiation as well as precipitation intensity. In addition, sensitivity simulations are performed with perturbed sulfate and black carbon aerosols, considering the direct and semi-direct aerosol radiative effects. For the simulations with sulfate aerosol perturbations, the cloud radiative effect partly offsets the aerosol radiative effects. Decreasing sulfate aerosols leads to low-level warming, destabilizing the atmospheric stratification and thereby increasing mean precipitation and the frequency of wet days. Increasing sulfate aerosols leads to an approximately opposite response. For the simulations with black carbon aerosol perturbations, there is some near-surface warming for both increases and decreases in aerosol concentration. Also, there are significant changes in cloud cover, but changes in precipitation are comparatively weak. While for sulfate aerosol perturbations the response is approximately linear (in the sense that positive and negative perturbations yield approximately opposite effects), the response to black carbon aerosol perturbations is more complex and shows some nonlinearity, regardless of the treatment of deep convection in the simulations. We present a simple interpretation for this surprising result.

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Data and code availability

The COSMO model in its GPU enabled version is used in this study, and the COSMO codes are available by requesting access to the model administrators (http://www.cosmo-model.org/content/consortium/default.htm). The model output data from the COSMO used for the figures in this work are available under https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7157161 and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7170525. The daily precipitation gauge data over China can be accessed from China Meteorological data service centre at the China Meteorological Administration (http://data.cma.cn/en). All observational datasets are publicly available. CRU TS v4.03: https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/; GPCC v2020: https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/html/download_gate.html; APHRO_MA: http://aphrodite.st.hirosaki-u.ac.jp/products.html; IMERG: https://gpm.nasa.gov/data; TRMM 3B42: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/TRMM_3B42_Daily_7/summary; MSWEP: http://www.gloh2o.org/mswep/; GHCN CAMS: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ghcncams.html; UDEL: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/download.html; CERES EBAF: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/data/. The Python codes for all figures in this study are available upon request.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this study was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41905060, 42130610) and the China Scholarship Council. The simulations have been performed at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), Lugano, Switzerland. The simulation data and related codes are available upon request. We acknowledge PRACE for awarding computing resources on Piz Daint at CSCS and the Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM) for their support. We also acknowledge the CMA, NOAA, NASA UCAR, UDEL, DWD, and Princeton University for providing the observational datasets. Finally, we would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

Funding

The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41905060, 42130610) and the China Scholarship Council.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

    Shuping Li, Silje Lund Sørland, Martin Wild & Christoph Schär

  2. College of Hydraulic science and engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China

    Shuping Li

  3. NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway

    Silje Lund Sørland

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Contributions

SL and CS designed the experiments. SL conducted the COSMO simulations with technical support from SLS and analyzed the model output and observations. SLS, MW, and CS were strongly involved in the discussion of the results. SL wrote the main manuscript text, and SLS, MW, and CS reviewed the manuscript.

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Li, S., Sørland, S.L., Wild, M. et al. Aerosol sensitivity simulations over East Asia in a convection-permitting climate model. Clim Dyn 61, 861–881 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06620-7

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