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Multiscale mechanisms for the modulation of the Pacific Meridional Mode on tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific: a comparison between 2004 and 2011

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Abstract

The impacts of the Pacific Meridional mode (PMM) on interannual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) have previously been investigated only based on seasonal/monthly mean environmental fields. Here we focus on tropical waves to further explore multiscale mechanisms for the modulation of PMM on TC genesis over the WNP. The results suggest that PMM, tropical waves and TCs form a multiscale interaction system. The TC geneses attributed to Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances are significantly positively correlated with the PMM index during the peak TC season (June to November) of 1998–2019. A detailed comparative analysis is then conducted for two selected typical PMM years (2004 in the positive phase and 2011 in the negative phase). Under the influence of the barotropic instability mechanism, the barotropic energy conversion from the basic flow to the eddy kinetic energy is much greater during the positive PMM year, making MJO, MRG waves and TD-type disturbances more active and thus providing more energy for TC genesis. The positive PMM phase modulates local environment by enhancing low-level relative vorticity and mid-level relative humidity and weakening vertical wind shear associated with MJO, MRG waves and TD-type disturbances, which are more favorable for TC genesis. Examination of the genesis potential index shows that TD-type disturbances play the most important role in the TC genesis process during both PMM years.

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Data availability

The monthly PMM index can be downloaded from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/timeseries/monthly/PMM/. The ERSST V5 data are available at https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html. The MJO index are collected from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/mjo/. The TRMM 3B42 V7 data are derived from https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The ERA5 data are obtained at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/search?type=dataset.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant number 2019YFC1510400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 42175020 and 41930967), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant number 2021A1515011573), the Science and Technology Innovation Team Plan of Guangdong Meteorological Bureau (Grant number GRMCTD202105), and the Research Project of Guangdong Meteorological Bureau (Grant number GRMC2021XQ16).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China

    Rui Yu & Si Gao

  2. Sanshui Meteorological Service, Foshan, China

    Rui Yu

  3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China

    Si Gao & Xinyong Shen

  4. Zengcheng Meteorological Service, Guangzhou, China

    Liying Sun

  5. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Guanghua Chen

  6. Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center On Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

    Xinyong Shen

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  1. Rui Yu
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  4. Guanghua Chen
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Contributions

SG contributed to the study conception and design. RY performed data analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Si Gao.

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Yu, R., Gao, S., Sun, L. et al. Multiscale mechanisms for the modulation of the Pacific Meridional Mode on tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific: a comparison between 2004 and 2011. Clim Dyn 60, 3241–3259 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06512-w

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