Abstract
Extreme weather variability has long posed difficulties for food, energy, and water systems in the Western US and is only projected to become more variable in a changing climate. The key to understanding weather in the West lies in understanding variability of large-scale weather regimes that dictate regional weather patterns. In this study, we propose a novel, multi-objective optimization and regression-based framework that reconstructs the annual frequency of regional weather regimes based on a gridded, tree-ring based reconstruction of cold season precipitation. The approach optimally smooths and selects the tree-ring based information used in the weather regime reconstruction to enhance out of sample performance and minimize model complexity. Multiple objectives are considered within the optimization to balance the preservation of low and high frequency modes of variability in the multivariate weather regime dynamics. We reconstruct weather regime frequencies back to 1400 CE and show that the reconstructed weather regimes are consistent with previously identified megadroughts and pluvials. Further, the reconstructed weather regimes exhibit significant variability in the 3–15-year frequency band and extend far beyond the bounds of the instrumental period. Overall, the weather regime reconstructions developed here provide important insight into the extent of natural atmospheric variability that can influence Western US weather.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Code availability
All data and code for this project is available on GitHub at https://github.com/rg727/Reconstruction-of-Western-U.S.-WRs.
References
An S-I, Jin F-F (2004) Nonlinearity and asymmetry of enso. J Clim 17(12):2399–2412
Barnett TP (1991) The interaction of multiple time scales in the tropical climate system. J Clim 4(3):269–285
Batehup R, McGregor S, Gallant AJE (2015) The influence of non-stationary teleconnections on palaeoclimate reconstructions of enso variance using a pseudoproxy framework. Clim Past 11(12):1733–1749
Buckley Brendan M, Ummenhofer Caroline C, Dorothy DR, Hansen KG, Truong LH, Le CN, Stahle DK (2019) Interdecadal pacific oscillation reconstructed from trans-pacific tree rings: 1350–2004 ce. Clim Dyn 53(5):3181–3196
Casola Joseph H, Wallace John M (2007) Identifying weather regimes in the wintertime 500-hPa geopotential height field for the Pacific-North American sector using a limited-contour clustering technique. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 46(10):1619–1630, 10. ISSN 15588424. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2564.1. URL http://journals.ametsoc.org/jamc/article-pdf/46/10/1619/3538367/jam2564_1.pdf
Cayan Daniel R, Redmond Kelly T, Riddle Laurence G (1999) ENSO and hydrologic extremes in the western United States*. Technical Report 9, 9. http://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article-pdf/12/9/2881/3760094/1520-0442
Chand Savin S, Mcbride John L, Tory Kevin J, Wheeler Matthew C, Walsh Kevin JE (2013) Impact of different ENSO regimes on southwest pacific tropical cyclones. J Clim 26(2):600–608, 1. ISSN 08948755. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00114.1. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/
Chen Sang, Hoffmann Sharon S, Lund David C, Cobb Kim M, Emile-Geay Julien, Adkins Jess F (2016) A high-resolution speleothem record of western equatorial pacific rainfall. Implications for holocene enso evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 442:61–71
Chylek P, Folland C, Frankcombe L, Dijkstra H, Lesins G, Dubey M (2012) Greenland ice core evidence for spatial and temporal variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys Res Lett 39(9):n/a–n/a, 5. ISSN 00948276. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051241. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012GL051241
Cobb KM, Westphal N, Sayani HR, Watson JT, Di Lorenzo E, Cheng H, Edwards RL and Charles CD (2013) Highly variable El Niño-Southern Oscillation throughout the Holocene. Science 339(6115):67–70, 1. ISSN 10959203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228246. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/67; https://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/67.abstract
Coello Coello CA, Lamont GB, Van Veldhuizen DA (2007) Second edition evolutionary algorithms for solving multi-objective problems. ISBN 9780387310299. http://www.springer.com
Conroy JL, Overpeck JT, Cole JE, Steinitz-Kannan M (2009) Variable oceanic influences on western North American drought over the last 1200 years. Geophys Res Lett 36(17):L17703, 9. ISSN 0094-8276. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039558. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2009GL039558
Cook ER, D’Arrigo RD, Anchukaitis KJ (2008) Enso reconstructions from long tree-ring chronologies: unifying the differences. In: Talk presented at a special workshop on Reconciling ENSO Chronologies for the Past, volume 500, page 15
Cook Edward R, Meko David M, Stahle David W, Cleaveland Malcolm K (1999) Drought reconstructions for the continental united states. Journal of Climate 12(4):1145–1162
Crueger T, Zinke J, Pfeiffer M (2009) Patterns of pacific decadal variability recorded by Indian ocean corals. Int J Earth Sci 98(1):41–52
Dannenberg MP, Wise EK (2013) Performance of climate field reconstruction methods over multiple seasons and climate variables. J Geophys Res 118(17):9595–9610
D’Arrigo Rosanne D, Cook Edward R, Jacoby Gordon C, Briffa Keith R (1993) Nao and sea surface temperature signatures in tree-ring records from the north Atlantic sector. Quat Sci Rev 12(6):431–440
D’Arrigo RD, Jacoby GC (1991) A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern new Mexico, USA: a reconstruction from tree-rings and its relation to el niño and the southern oscillation. The Holocene 1(2):95–101
D’Arrigo R, Villalba R, Wiles G (2001) Tree-ring estimates of pacific decadal climate variability. Clim Dyn 18(3–4):219–224
D’Arrigo R, Wilson R, Wiles G, Anchukaitis K, Solomina O, Davi N, Deser C, Dolgova E (2015) Tree-ring reconstructed temperature index for coastal northern Japan: implications for western North Pacific variability. Int J Climatol, 35(12):3713–3720, 10. ISSN 08998418. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4230. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/joc.4230
Dean JM, Kemp AES (2004) A 2100 year BP record of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in marine production and fluvial input from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 213(3–4):207–229, 10. ISSN 00310182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.05.001
Deser C, Simpson IR, McKinnon KA, Phillips AS (2017) The northern hemisphere extratropical atmospheric circulation response to ENSO: How well do we know it and how do we evaluate models accordingly? J Clim 30(13):7. ISSN 0894-8755. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0844.1
Dettinger MD (2013) Atmospheric rivers as drought busters on the US west coast. J Hydrometeorol 14(6):1721–1732
Dettinger MD, Ingram BL (2013) The coming megafloods. Sci Am 308(1):64–71
Dettinger M, Cayan DR (2014) Drought and the California delta-a matter of extremes. San Francisco Estuary Watershed Sci 12(2):1–7
Fang M, Li X (2016) Paleoclimate data assimilation: its motivation, progress and prospects. Sci China Earth Sci 59(9):1817–1826
Franzke C, Crommelin D, Fischer A, Majda AJ (2008) A hidden markov model perspective on regimes and metastability in atmospheric flows. J Clim 21(8):1740–1757, 4 . ISSN 0894-8755. 10.1175/2007JCLI1751.1. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/2007JCLI1751.1
Freund MB, Henley BJ, Karoly DJ, McGregor HV, Abram NJ, Dommenget D (2019) Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events in recent decades relative to past centuries. Nat Geosci 12(6):450–455. ISSN 1752-0908. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0353-3
George SS, Ault TR (2014) The imprint of climate within northern hemisphere trees. Quat Sci Rev 89:1–4
Gray ST, Graumlich LJ, Betancourt JL, Pederson GT (2004) A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 A.D. Geophys Res Lett 31(12):6. ISSN 00948276. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019932. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2004GL019932; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2004GL019932; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004GL019932
Grinsted A, Moore JC, Jevrejeva S (2004) Nonlinear process geophys. Nonlinear Process Geophys 11(5/6):561–566
Guirguis K, Gershunov A, Clemesha RES, Shulgina T, Subramanian AC, Ralph FM (2018) Circulation drivers of atmospheric rivers at the north American west coast. Geophys Res Lett 45(22):12–576
Gupta Rohini S, Hamilton Andrew L, Reed Patrick M, Characklis Gregory W (2020) Can modern multi-objective evolutionary algorithms discover high-dimensional financial risk portfolio tradeoffs for snow-dominated water-energy systems? Ad Water Resour 145:103718
Guttman Nathaniel B (1999) Accepting the standardized precipitation index: a calculation algorithm 1. JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 35(2):311–322
Hadka D, Reed P (2012) Diagnostic assessment of search controls and failure modes in many-objective evolutionary optimization. Evolut Comput 20(3):423–452. ISSN 10636560. https://doi.org/10.1162/EVCO_a_00053
Hadka D, Reed P (2013) Borg: an auto-adaptive many-objective evolutionary computing framework. Evolut Comput 21(2):231–259. ISSN 15309304. https://doi.org/10.1162/EVCO_a_00075
Hernández A, Martin-Puertas C, Moffa-Sánchez P, Moreno-Chamarro E, Ortega P, Blockley S, Kim MC, Laia C-B, Santiago G, Hugues G, Jürg L, Belen M, Raimund M, Andrew P, Sergi P-R, Jesper S, Adam AS, Didier S, Erika W and Guobao X (2020) Modes of climate variability: synthesis and review of proxy-based reconstructions through the Holocene. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103286
Kasprzyk JR, Reed PM, Characklis GW, Kirsch BR (2012) Many-objective de Novo water supply portfolio planning under deep uncertainty. Environ Modell Softw 34:87–104, 6. ISSN 13648152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.04.003
Kimoto M, Ghil M (1993) Multiple flow regimes in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Part II: sectorial regimes and preferred transitions. J Atmos Sci 50(16):2645–2673, 8. ISSN 00224928. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2645:MFRITN>2.0.CO;2. http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/50/16/2645/3426466/1520-0469
Laumanns M, Thiele L, Deb K, Zitzler E (2002) Combining convergence and diversity in evolutionary multiobjective optimization. Evol Comput 10(3):263–282
Lee Joshua CK, Lee RW, Woolnough SJ, Boxall LJ (2020) The links between the madden-Julian oscillation and European weather regimes. Theor Appl Climatol 141(1):567–586
Lee S-K, Lopez H, Chung E-S, DiNezio P, Yeh S-W, Wittenberg AT (2018) On the Fragile relationship between El Niño and California rainfall. Geophys Res Lett 45(2):907–915. ISSN 0094-8276. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076197. URL https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL076197
Luterbacher J, Xoplaki E, Dietrich D, Rickli R, Jacobeit J, Beck C, Gyalistras D, Schmutz C, Wanner H (2002) Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the Eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500. Clim Dyn 18(7):545–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-001-0196-6 (ISSN 14320894)
MacDonald GM, Case RA (2005) Variations in the pacific decadal oscillation over the past millennium. Geophys Res Lett 32(8):1–4
Mann Michael E, Scott Rutherford, Eugene Wahl, Caspar Ammann (2005) Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-based reconstructions of past climate. J Clim 18(20):4097–4107
Mccabe-Glynn S, Johnson KR, Strong C, Berkelhammer M, Sinha A, Cheng H, Lawrence ER (2013) Variable North Pacific influence on drought in southwestern North America since AD 854. Nat Geosci 6(8):617–621, 8. ISSN 17520894. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1862. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1862
Meko David M, Stahle David W, Daniel Griffin, Knight Troy A (2011) Inferring precipitation-anomaly gradients from tree rings. Quat Int 235(1–2):89–100
Meko DM, Woodhouse CA, Touchan R (2014) Klamath/San Joaquin/Sacramento hydroclimatic reconstructions from tree rings. Technical report. https://cwoodhouse.faculty.arizona.edu/sites/cwoodhouse.faculty.arizona.edu/files/FinalCAWDRreport.pdf
Montpellier EE, Soulé PT, Knapp PA, Baker Perry L (2020) Reconstructing summer upper-level flow in the northern Rocky Mountains using an alpine larch tree-ring chronology. Clim Res 79(3):207–218, 3. ISSN 0936-577X. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01592. https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v79/n3/p207-218/
Moore GWK, Holdsworth G, Alverson K (2002) Climate change in the north pacific region over the past three centuries. Nature 420(6914):401–403
Morales MS, Cook ER, Barichivich J, Christie DA, Villalba R, LeQuesne C, Srur AM, Ferrero ME, González-Reyes Á, Couvreux F et al (2020) Six hundred years of south American tree rings reveal an increase in severe hydroclimatic events since mid-20th century. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117(29):16816–16823
Najibi N, Mukhopadhyay S, Steinschneider S (2020) Identifying weather regimes for regional-scale stochastic weather generators. Int J Climatol 41(4):2456–2479
Newman M, Alexander MA, Ault TR, Cobb KM, Deser C, Di Lorenzo E, Mantua NJ, Miller AJ, Minobe S, Nakamura H, Schneider N, Vimont DJ, Phillips AS, Scott JD, Smith CA (2016) The pacific decadal oscillation, revisited. J Clim 29(12):4399–4427. ISSN 0894-8755. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0508.1. https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article/29/12/4399/34340/The-Pacific-Decadal-Oscillation-Revisited
Ortega P, Swingedouw D, Masson-Delmotte V, Risi C, Vinther B, Yiou P, Vautard R, Yoshimura K (2014) Characterizing atmospheric circulation signals in Greenland ice cores: insights from a weather regime approach. Clim Dyn 43(9–10):2585–2605
Paek H, Yu JY, Qian C (2017) Why were the 2015/2016 and 1997/1998 extreme El Niños different? Geophys Res Lett 44(4):1848–1856, 2. ISSN 19448007. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071515. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL071515; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2016GL071515; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL071515
Rabiner Lawrence R (1989) A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proc IEEE 77(2):257–286
Raible CC, Lehner F, González-Rouco JF, Fernández-Donado L (2014) Changing correlation structures of the northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation from 1000 to 2100 ad. Clim Past 10(2):537–550
Reed PM, Hadka D, Herman JD, Kasprzyk JR, Kollat JB (2013) Evolutionary multiobjective optimization in water resources: the past, present, and future. Adv Water Resour 51:438–456
Robertson AW, Ghil M (1999) Large-scale weather regimes and local climate over the western United States. J Clim 12(6):1796–1813. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1796:LSWRAL>2.0.CO;2. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/12/6/1520-0442_1999_012_1796_lswral_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=fulltext-display
Schimmelmann A, Zhao M, Harvey CC, Lange CB (1998) A large California flood and correlative global climatic events 400 years ago. Quat Res 49(1):51–61
Schmutz C, Luterbacher J, Gyalistras D, Xoplaki E, Wanner H (2000) Can we trust proxy-based NAO index reconstructions? Geophys Res Lett 27(8):1135–1138, 4. ISSN 00948276. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011045. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/1999GL011045
Schneider T (2001) Analysis of incomplete climate data: estimation of Mean Values and covariance matrices and imputation of Missing values. J Clim 14(5):853–871, 3 . ISSN 08948755. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0853:AOICDE>2.0.CO;2. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/14/5/1520-0442_2001_014_0853_aoicde_2.0.co_2.xml
Scott St George (2014) An overview of tree-ring width records across the northern hemisphere. Quatern Sci Rev 95:132–150
Seim A, Schultz JA, Beck C, Bräuning A, Krusic PJ, Leland C, Byambasuren O, Liang E, Wang X, Jeong JH, Linderholm HW (2018) Evaluation of tree growth relevant atmospheric circulation patterns for geopotential height field reconstructions for Asia. J Clim 31(11):4391–4401, 6. ISSN 08948755. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0164.1
Sjolte J, Sturm C, Adolphi F, Vinther BM, Werner M, Lohmann G, Muscheler R (2018) Solar and volcanic forcing of North Atlantic climate inferred from a process-based reconstruction. Clim Past, 14(8):1179–1194, 8 . ISSN 1814-9332. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1179-2018. https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/14/1179/2018/
Slivinski Laura C, Compo GP, Whitaker JS, Sardeshmukh PD, Giese BS, McColl C, Allan R, Yin X, Vose R, Titchner H et al (2019) Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: improvements for version 3 of the twentieth century reanalysis system. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 145(724):2876–2908
Snigdha Borkotoky Swatah, Park Williams A, Cook Edward R, Scott Steinschneider (2021) Reconstructing extreme precipitation in the sacramento river watershed using tree-ring based proxies of cold-season precipitation. Water Resour Res 57(4):e2020WR028824
St. George S, Ault TR (2011) Is energetic decadal variability a stable feature of the central Pacific Coast’s winter climate? J Geophys Res 116(D12):D12102, 6 . ISSN 0148-0227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015325. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2010JD015325
Stahle DW, Cook ER, Cleaveland MK, Therrell MD, Meko DM, Grissino-Mayer HD, Watson E and Luckman BH (2000) Tree-ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America, 3 2000. ISSN 23249250. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/00EO00076; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/00EO00076; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/00EO00076
Stahle DW, Fye FK, Cook ER, Daniel GR (2007) Tree-ring reconstructed megadroughts over North America since A.D. 1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9171-x
Stahle DW, Griffin RD, Meko DM, Therrell MD, Edmondson JR, Cleaveland MK, Stahle LN, Burnette DJ, Abatzoglou JT, Redmond KT et al (2013) The ancient blue oak woodlands of California: longevity and hydroclimatic history. Earth Interact 17(12):1–23
Steinschneider S, Ray P, Rahat SH, Kucharski J (2019) A weather-regime-based stochastic weather generator for climate vulnerability assessments of water systems in the western United States. Water Resour Res 55(8):6923–6945, 8 . ISSN 0043-1397. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024446. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018WR024446
Teytaud O (2006) How entropy-theorems can show that approximating high-dim pareto-fronts is too hard. In: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice-Workshop PPSN-BTP
Trouet V, Taylor AH (2009) Multi-century variability in the pacific north American. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0605-9
Trouet V, Babst F, Meko M (2018) Recent enhanced high-summer North Atlantic Jet variability emerges from three-century context. Nat Commun 9(1):1–9, 12. ISSN 20411723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02699-3. https://climexp.knmi.nl
Trouet V, Esper J, Graham NE, Baker A, Scourse JD, Frank DC (2009) Persistent positive north Atlantic oscillation mode dominated the medieval climate anomaly. Science 324(5923):78–80, 4. ISSN 00368075. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166349. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/324/5923/78; https://science.sciencemag.org/content/324/5923/78.abstract
Urban FE, Cole JE, Overpeck Jonathan T (2000) Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record. Nature 407(6807):989–993. https://doi.org/10.1038/35039597 (ISSN 1476-4687)
Vance TR, Roberts JL, Plummer CT, Kiem AS, Van Ommen TD (2015) Interdecadal pacific variability and eastern Australian megadroughts over the last millennium. Geophys Res Lett 42(1):129–137
Viale M, Valenzuela R, Garreaud RD, Ralph FM (2018) Impacts of atmospheric rivers on precipitation in southern south America. J Hydrometeorol 19(10):1671–1687
Vose R, Applequist S, Squires M, Durre I, Menne MJ, Williams CN Jr, Fenimore C, Gleason K, Arndt D (2014) Gridded 5km ghcn-daily temperature and precipitation dataset (nclimgrid) version 1. Average Temperature, and Precipitation. NOAA Nat. Centers Environ. Inf, In Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature
Wahl ER, Zorita E, Trouet V, Taylor AH (2019) Jet stream dynamics, hydroclimate, and fire in California from 1600 ce to present. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(12):5393–5398
Wettstein JJ, Littell JS, Wallace JM, Gedalof Z (2011) Coherent region-, species-, and frequency-dependent local climate signals in northern hemisphere tree-ring widths. J Clim 24(23):5998–6012
White SM, Ravelo AC, and Polissar PJ (2018) Dampened El Niño in the early and mid-Holocene due to insolation-forced warming/deepening of the thermocline. Geophys Res Lett 45(1):316–326, 1 2018. ISSN 19448007. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075433. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017GL075433; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL075433; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL075433
Williams AP, Anchukaitis KJ, Woodhouse CA, Meko DM, Cook BI, Bolles K, Cook ER (2020) Tree rings and observations suggest no stable cycles in sierra Nevada cool-season precipitation. Water Resour Res. page 2020WR028599
Wilson L, Manton MJ, Siems ST (2013) Relationship between rainfall and weather regimes in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Int J Climatol 33 (4):979–991, 3. ISSN 08998418. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3484. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/joc.3484
Wise EK (2015) Tropical pacific and northern hemisphere influences on the coherence of pacific decadal oscillation reconstructions. Int J Climatol 35(1):154–160
Wise EK, Dannenberg MP (2014) Persistence of pressure patterns over North America and the North Pacific since AD 1500. Nat Commun 5(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5912 (ISSN 20411723)
Wise EK, Dannenberg MP (2017) Reconstructed storm tracks reveal three centuries of changing moisture delivery to North America. Sci Adv 3(6):e1602263. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602263 (ISSN 23752548)
Yuan N, Zuntao F, Zhang H, Piao L, Xoplaki E, Luterbacher J (2015) Detrended partial-cross-correlation analysis: a new method for analyzing correlations in complex system. Sci Rep 5(1):1–7
Zatarain Salazar J, Reed PM, Herman JD, Giuliani M, Castelletti A (2016) A diagnostic assessment of evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective surface water reservoir control. Adv Water Resour. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.04.006 (ISSN 03091708)
Zhongfang Liu, Kei Yoshimura, Bowen Gabriel J, Buenning Nikolaus H, Camille Risi, Welker Jeffrey M, Fasong Yuan (2014) Paired oxygen isotope records reveal modern north American atmospheric dynamics during the Holocene. Nat Commun 5(1):1–7
Zhongfang Liu, Yanlin Tang, Zhimin Jian, Poulsen Christopher J, Welker Jeffrey M, Bowen Gabriel J (2017) Pacific north American circulation pattern links external forcing and north American hydroclimatic change over the past millennium. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(13):3340–3345
Funding
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-1650441. The views expressed in this work represent those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Science Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gupta, R.S., Steinschneider, S. & Reed, P.M. A multi-objective paleo-informed reconstruction of western US weather regimes over the past 600 years. Clim Dyn 60, 339–358 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06302-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06302-4