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The synergistic effect of the preceding winter Northern Hemisphere annular mode and spring tropical North Atlantic SST on spring extreme cold events in the mid-high latitudes of East Asia

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Abstract

In this paper, the synergistic effect of the preceding winter positive Northern Hemisphere annular mode (pNAM) and spring negative tropical North Atlantic (nTNA) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) on spring extreme cold events in the mid-high latitudes of East Asia (MHEA) is investigated. The results show that the co-occurrence of the two factors is unfavorable for extreme cold events during spring in the MHEA via the snow cover and atmospheric bridges. Over the Atlantic, the spring nTNA SSTA can lead to an atmospheric response that is similar to the North Atlantic Oscillation, which enhances the persistence of the pNAM and in turn amplifies the negative spring Eurasian snow cover extent (EASCE) anomaly caused by the preceding winter pNAM. Meanwhile, the spring EASCE is closely related to the spring MHEA anomalous anticyclone. In addition to storing its signal in the spring EASCE, the spring nTNA SSTA can also lead to the spring MHEA anomalous anticyclone via the eastward Rossby wave train. The evidence shows that the Rossby wave energy can propagate eastward to the MHEA as a result of the enhanced negative spring EASCE anomaly and Rossby wave induced by the spring nTNA SSTA, and the two factors have an obvious synergistic effect on the spring MHEA anomalous anticyclone. This anomalous MHEA anticyclone becomes a barrier that can hinder the intrusion of cold air from the polar region and can increase the thickness of the atmospheric layer. The anomalous sinking motion of the spring MHEA anomalous anticyclone can also lead to an increase in net radiation received at the surface and increase the air temperature through the vertical motion of air. The southerly wind over the west side of the spring MHEA anomalous anticyclone leads to horizontal warm advection. All of the above processes favor an increase in air temperature and dampen extreme cold events, implying the synergistic effect of the preceding winter pNAM and spring nTNA SSTA on spring extreme cold events in the MHEA.

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Acknowledgements

Hao Wang and Yina Diao contributed equally to this work. We wish to thank all the data providers, and the two anonymous reviewers for the valuable suggestions and comments. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project (41790474), Shandong Natural Science Foundation Project (ZR2019ZD12), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (201962009). Dr. Fei Zheng is surported by China Association for Science and Technology Working Group for UN Environment Consultation. We are grateful to Center for High Performance Computing and System Simulation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) for providing computing resource.

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  1. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System-Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography-Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies-Academy of the Future Ocean, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China

    Hao Wang, Yina Diao, Jianping Li, Ruipeng Sun, Xinxin Tang, Yue Sun, Fei Li & Yazhou Zhang

  2. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China

    Fei Zheng

  3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China

    Fei Zheng

  4. Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China

    Jianping Li

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  1. Hao Wang
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Wang, H., Zheng, F., Diao, Y. et al. The synergistic effect of the preceding winter Northern Hemisphere annular mode and spring tropical North Atlantic SST on spring extreme cold events in the mid-high latitudes of East Asia. Clim Dyn 59, 3175–3191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06237-w

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