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Mixed layer heat budget in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean during the two consecutive positive Indian Ocean dipole events in 2018 and 2019

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Abstract

The Indian Ocean hosted a strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) event in 2019–2020, and a weak event in 2018–2019, such as the magnitude of the cold sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) during June-December in the former case is a factor of two higher (~ − 1.5 °C) than the latter (~ − 0.75 °C) at the western periphery of the eastern IOD zone at 5° S, 95° E. The plausible mechanisms responsible for this difference in the SSTA between these two events are examined using the mixed layer heat budget estimate using the moored buoy measurements. It is found that the enhanced cooling during June-December in 2019–2020 is determined primarily by the anomalous cooling due to the vertical processes associated with the combined effect of the anomalous thin barrier layer (BL), shallow thermocline, weak near-surface stratification, and strong wind speed induced vertical mixing, and secondarily by the enhancement in the latent heat flux (LHF) loss from the ocean. Conversely, the magnitude of cooling due to the vertical processes is much smaller in 2018–2019 due to the near-climatological states such as a thick BL, deep thermocline, and weak wind speed. During these events, the warming tendency by the horizontal advection dampens the cooling tendency associated with the vertical processes and LHF. These characteristics are distinct from the past study that suggested that the horizontal advection was responsible for the cool SSTA at the exact location during an extreme pIOD event in 2006–2007.

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Acknowledgements

The encouragement provided by the Director, INCOIS is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers and Dr. Takanori Horii, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) for their extensive and constructive comments and suggestions which greatly helped to improve the manuscript. Ms. Aparna has carried out this work as part of her masters dissertation work. RAMA data quality controlled and distributed by Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) project office of NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, RAMA data are available from PMEL (https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/pmel-theme/indian-ocean-rama). Microwave-Infrared OI SST data are produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) and the NASA Earth Science Physical Oceanography Program. Data are available at www.remss.com. MODIS Aqua chlorophyll data is distributed by NOAACoastWatch, and data is available at https://oceanwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/thredds/Satellite/MH1/chla/catalog.html?dataset=satellite/MH1/chla/8day. CCMP Version-2.0 vector wind analyses are produced by Remote Sensing Systems. Data are available at www.remss.com. The DMI data used in the study is made available by NOAA/ESRL, and data is available at https://stateoftheocean.osmc.noaa.gov/sur/ind/dmi.php. The altimeter products were produced by Ssalto/Duacs and distributed by Aviso+, with support from Cnes (https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr). This is INCOIS contribution number 447.

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  1. Department of Physical Oceanography, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682 016, India

    A. R. Aparna

  2. Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Telangana, Hyderabad, 500 055, India

    A. R. Aparna & M. S. Girishkumar

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APA and MSG conceived the presented idea. APA performed the computations, data analysis, and interpretations of the result. MSG verified the methods. APA took the lead in preparing the first draft of the manuscript, and MSG led the finalization of the manuscript.

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Aparna, A.R., Girishkumar, M.S. Mixed layer heat budget in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean during the two consecutive positive Indian Ocean dipole events in 2018 and 2019. Clim Dyn 58, 3297–3315 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06099-8

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