Abstract
The responses of North American precipitation to the Atlantic warm pool (AWP) are investigated by using observational data and the NCAR Community Earth System Model. We show that the responses are controlled by different physical mechanisms in different seasons. In the warm season, a large AWP reduces the North Atlantic subtropical high, consistent with Gill’s physics. The corresponding influence over North America is northerly wind anomalies in the lower atmosphere, which leads to a precipitation suppression in the central United States. However, in the cold season the AWP’s impact on North American precipitation is operated via the teleconnection of cold SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific which are induced by the AWP. A large AWP enhances the local Hadley circulation that moves across the equator to the tropical southeastern Pacific in the boreal summer. This inter-hemispheric process strengthens the atmospheric sinking and then increases the South Pacific subtropical high, resulting in the enhancement of the surface easterly trade wind and thus cold SST anomalies in tropical southeastern Pacific. The wind-evaporation-SST and Bjerknes feedbacks further lead tropical central Pacific SST to a La Niña-like pattern, which is consistent with that the significant and negative correlation between ENSO and the AWP is observed after the 1990s when the AWP leads by 6–9 months. The AWP-induced La Niña-like SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific further prompts a negative phase of the Pacific North American teleconnection, resulting in decreased precipitation over the southern United States; and vice versa. In addition to the AWP-induced central Pacific-type of ENSO events, the paper also shows the influences of the AWP on SSTs in the North Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander MA, Blade I, Newman M et al (2002) The atmospheric bridge: the influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. J Climate 15:2205–2231. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c2205:TABTIO%3e2.0.CO;2
Cook ER, Woodhouse CA, Eakin CM et al (2004) Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306:1015–1018. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102586
Enfield DB, Mestas-Nuñez AM, Trimble PJ (2001) The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophys Res Lett 28:2077–2080. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012745
Gill AE (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 106:447–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644905
Ham YG, Kug JS, Park JY et al (2013) Sea surface temperature in the north tropical Atlantic as a trigger for El Nino/Southern Oscillation events. Nat Geosci 6:112–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1686
Heckley WA, Gill AE (1984) Some simple analytical solutions to the problem of forced equatorial long waves. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 110:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711046314
Hoerling M, Kumar A (2003) The perfect ocean for drought. Science 299:691–694. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1079053
Hoerling M, Hurrell JW, Xu T et al (2004) Twentieth century North Atlantic climate change. Part II: understanding the effect of Indian Ocean warming. Climate Dyn 23:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0433-x
Hoerling M, Eischeid J, Kumar A et al (2014) Causes and predictability of the 2012 Great Plains drought. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 95:269–282. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00055.1
Horel JD, Wallace JM (1982) Planetary-Scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the southern oscillation. Mon Wea Rev 109:813–829. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110%3c1497:R%3e2.0.CO;2
Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Arkin P et al (1997) The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull Am Meteor Soc 78:5–20. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078%3c0005:TGPCPG%3e2.0.CO;2
Hurrell JW, Holland MM, Gent PR et al (2013) The community earth system model: a framework for collaborative research. Bull Am Meteor Soc 94:1339–1360. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R et al (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteor Soc 77:437–471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077%3c0437:TNYRP%3e2.0.CO;2
Kistler R, Kalnay E, Collins W et al (2001) The NCEP–NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull Am Meteor Soc 82:247–267. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082%3c0247:TNNYRM%3e2.3.CO;2
Kushnir Y, Seager R, Ting M et al (2010) Mechanisms of Tropical Atlantic SST influence on North American precipitation variability. J Climate 23:5610–5628. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3172.1
Lau NC, Leetmaa A, Nath MJ et al (2005) Influences of ENSO-induced Indo-Western Pacific SST Anomalies on extratropical atmospheric variability during the Boreal summer. J Climate 18:2922–2942. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3445.1
Lau NC, Leetmaa A, Nath MJ et al (2006) Attribution of atmospheric variations in the 1997–2003 period to SST Anomalies in the Pacific and Indian Ocean Basins. J Climate 19:3607–3628. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3813.1
Li W, Li L, Fu R et al (2011) Changes to the North Atlantic subtropical high and its role in the intensification of summer rainfall variability in the southeastern United States. J Climate 24:1499–1506. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3829.1
Li W, Li L, Ting M et al (2012) Intensification of Northern Hemisphere subtropical highs in a warming climate. Nat Geosci 5:830–834. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1590
McCabe GJ, Palecki MA, Betancourt JL (2004) Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:4136–4141. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306738101
Park JH, Kug JS, An SI, Li T (2019) Role of the western hemisphere warm pool in climate variability over the western North Pacific. Clim Dyn 53:2743–2755
Peixoto JP, Oort AH (1992) Physics of Climate, American Institute of Physics, 520 pp
Schubert S, Gutzler D, Wang HL et al (2009) A U.S. CLIVAR project to assess and compare the responses of global climate models to drought-related SST forcing patterns: overview and results. J Climate 22:5251–5272. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3060.1
Seager R (2007) The turn of the century North American drought: global context, dynamics, and past analogs. J Climate 20:5527–5552. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1529.1
Seager R, Murtugudde R, Naik N et al (2003) Air–sea interaction and the seasonal cycle of the subtropical anticyclones. J Climate 16:1948–1966. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c1948:AIATSC%3e2.0.CO;2
Seager R, Harnik N, Robinson WA et al (2005) Mechanisms of ENSO-forcing of hemispherically symmetric precipitation variability. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 131:1501–1527. https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.96
Seager R, Kushnir Y, Herweijer C et al (2005) Modeling of tropical forcing of persistent droughts and pluvials over western North America: 1856–2000. J Climate 18:4065–4088. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3522.1
Seager R, Ting M, Davis M et al (2009) Mexican drought: an observational, modeling and tree ring study of variability and climate change. Atmósfera 22:1–31
Seager R, Naik N, Vecchi GA (2010) Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming. J Climate 23:4651–4668. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3655.1
Smith TM, Reynolds RW, Peterson TC et al (2008) Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880–2006). J Climate 21:2283–2296. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1
Sun C, Kucharski F, Li JP et al (2017) Western tropical Pacific multidecadal variability forced by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Nat Commun 8:15998. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15998
Sun C, Li JP, Kucharski F et al (2019) Recent acceleration of Arabian Sea warming induced by the Atlantic-Western Pacific trans-basin multidecadal variability. Geophys Res Lett 46:1662–1671. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081175
Sutton RT, Hodson DLR (2005) Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate. Science 309:115–118. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109496
Sutton RT, Hodson DLR (2007) Climate response to basin-scale warming and cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean. J Climate 20:891–907. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4038.1
Trenberth KE, Guillemot CJ (1995) Evaluation of the global atmospheric moisture budget as seen from analyses. J Climate 8:2255–2272. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008%3c2255:EOTGAM%3e2.0.CO;2
Trenberth KE, Caron JM, Stepaniak DP et al (2002) Evolution of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures. J Geophys Res 107:4065. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000298
Wang C, Enfield DB (2003) A further study of the tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool. J Climate 16:1476–1493
Wang C, Enfield DB, Lee SK et al (2006) Influences of the Atlantic warm pool on Western Hemisphere summer rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes. J Climate 19:3011–3028. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3770.1
Wang C, Lee SK, Enfield DB (2007) Impact of the Atlantic warm pool on the summer climate of the Western Hemisphere. J Climate 20:5021–5040. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4304.1
Wang C, Lee SK, Enfield DB (2008) Climate response to anomalously large and small Atlantic warm pools during the summer. J Climate 21:2437–2450. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2029.1
Wang C, Lee SK, Mechoso CR (2010) Interhemispheric influence of the Atlantic warm pool on the Southeastern Pacific. J Climate 23:404–418. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3127.1
Wang X, Wang C, Zhou W et al (2011) Teleconnected influence of North Atlantic sea surface temperature on the El Niño onset. Climate Dyn 37:663–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0833-z
Wang C, Zhang L, Lee SK (2013) Response of freshwater flux and sea surface salinity to variability of the Atlantic Warm Pool. J Climate 26:1249–1267. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00284.1
Wang C, Zhang L, Lee SK et al (2014) A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases. Nat Clim Change 4:201–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2118
Xie SP, Carton JA (2004) Tropical Atlantic variability: patterns, mechanism, and impacts. Earth Climate: the ocean-atmosphere interaction. Geophys Monogr 147:121–142
Yu JY, Kao PK, Paek H et al (2015) Linking emergence of the Central Pacific El Niño to the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation. J Clim 28:651–662
Zhang L, Wang C (2012) Remote influences on freshwater flux variability in the Atlantic warm pool region. Geophys Res Lett 39:19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053530
Acknowledgements
We thank three reviewers’ comments and suggestions which help us improve the manuscript. This study is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0606701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41731173, 41925024, 42006033), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42000000 and XDA20060502), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0306), Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE2018PY06), and the Leading Talents of Guangdong Province Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, C., Chen, S., Song, Z. et al. Impacts of the Atlantic warm pool on North American precipitation and global sea surface temperature in a coupled general circulation model. Clim Dyn 56, 1163–1181 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05527-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05527-5