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Complex network analysis helps to identify impacts of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on moisture divergence in South America

Climate Dynamics volume 45, pages 619–632 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

We investigate the temporal evolution of moisture divergence and its spatial clustering properties over South America. Our analysis focuses on dependencies on the phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Moisture divergence is computed from daily reanalysis data of vertically integrated moisture flux provided by Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications for the time period from 1979 to 2010. We use a sliding-window approach to construct a sequence of complex networks, each obtained from synchronization of events of strong positive (negative) moisture divergence, which we interpret as strong evapotranspiration (precipitation) events. We make the following three key observations: (1) Moisture divergence values over the Amazon rainforest are typically higher during positive ENSO periods (El Niño events). (2) The spatial coherence of strong positive (upwelling) events assumes a characteristic pattern of reduced coherence in this area during El Niño conditions. This influence of ENSO on moisture divergence and its spatial coherence is dominated by the El Niño events of 1982, 1987, and 1997. (3) The clustering characteristics of the obtained climate networks qualitatively agree with the spatial distribution of connected regions with simultaneous events (i.e., events that occur at the same time), but provide a more detailed view on the spatial organization of strong atmospheric upwelling events. Interestingly, no comparable results are found for negative extremes of moisture divergence (strong precipitation events).

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Notes

  1. Retrieved from https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/multivariate-enso-index.

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Acknowledgments

This paper was developed within the scope of the IRTG 1740/TRP 2011/50151-0, funded by the DFG/FAPESP. R.V.D. has been financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Science and Education via the Young Investigators Group CoSy-CC2 (Grant No. 01LN1306A). J.K. has been supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 14.Z50.31.0033).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P. O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany

    Niklas Boers, Reik V. Donner & Jürgen Kurths

  2. Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Niklas Boers & Jürgen Kurths

  3. Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Ellison Hall 1832, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA

    Bodo Bookhagen

  4. Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK

    Jürgen Kurths

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  1. Niklas Boers
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Correspondence to Niklas Boers.

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Boers, N., Donner, R.V., Bookhagen, B. et al. Complex network analysis helps to identify impacts of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on moisture divergence in South America. Clim Dyn 45, 619–632 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2265-7

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Keywords

  • Moisture divergence
  • Extreme events
  • South American climate
  • El Niño Southern Oscillation
  • Complex networks