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A new method for extracting the ENSO-independent Indian Ocean Dipole: application to Australian region tropical cyclone counts

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Abstract

We introduce a simple but effective means of removing ENSO-related variations from the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in order to better evaluate the ENSO-independent IOD contribution to Australian climate—specifically here interannual variations in Australian region tropical cyclogensis (TCG) counts. The ENSO time contribution is removed from the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode index (DMI) by first calculating the lagged regression of the DMI on the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) index NINO3.4 to maximum lags of 8 months, and then removing this ENSO portion. The new ENSO-independent time series, DMINOENSO, correlates strongly with the original DMI at r = 0.87 (significant at >99% level). Despite the strength of the correlation between these series, the IOD events classified based on DMINOENSO provide important differences from previously identified IOD events, which are more closely aligned with ENSO phases. IOD event composite maps of SSTAs regressed on DMINOENSO reveal a much greater ENSO-independence than the original DMI-related SSTA pattern. This approach is used to explore relationships between Australian region TCG and IOD from 1968 to 2007. While we show that both the DMI and DMINOENSO have significant hindcast skill (on the 95% level) when used as predictors in a multiple linear regression model for Australian region annual TCG counts, the IOD does not add any significant hindcast skill over an ENSO-only predictor model, based on NINO4. Correlations between the time series of annual TCG count observations and ENSO + IOD model cross-validated hindcasts achieve r = 0.68 (significant at the 99% level).

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Acknowledgments

A. Werner was supported by MQRES and PGRF Scholarships from Macquarie University, Australia. AW also thanks the School of Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Tasmania for providing computing resources and office space during her visits to the University of Tasmania. Finally, we wish to thank Dr. Peter C. McIntosh from the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research for his constructive comments on this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

    Angelika Werner & Angela M. Maharaj

  2. School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    Neil J. Holbrook

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  1. Angelika Werner
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  2. Angela M. Maharaj
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  3. Neil J. Holbrook
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Correspondence to Neil J. Holbrook.

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Werner, A., Maharaj, A.M. & Holbrook, N.J. A new method for extracting the ENSO-independent Indian Ocean Dipole: application to Australian region tropical cyclone counts. Clim Dyn 38, 2503–2511 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1133-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1133-y

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