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Global monsoons in the mid-Holocene and oceanic feedback

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Abstract

The response of the six major summer monsoon systems (the North American monsoon, the northern Africa monsoon, the Asia monsoon, the northern Australasian monsoon, the South America monsoon and the southern Africa monsoon) to mid-Holocene orbital forcing has been investigated using a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (FOAM), with the focus on the distinct roles of the direct insolation forcing and oceanic feedback. The simulation result is also found to compare well with the NCAR CSM. The direct effects of the change in insolation produce an enhancement of the Northern Hemisphere monsoons and a reduction of the Southern Hemisphere monsoons. Ocean feedbacks produce a further enhancement of the northern Africa monsoon and the North American monsoon. However, ocean feedbacks appear to weaken the Asia monsoon, although the overall effect (direct insolation forcing plus ocean feedback) remains a strengthened monsoon. The impact of ocean feedbacks on the South American and southern African monsoons is relatively small, and therefore these regions, especially the South America, experienced a reduced monsoon regime compared to present. However, there is a strong ocean feedback on the northern Australian monsoon that negates the direct effects of orbital changes and results in a strengthening of austral summer monsoon precipitation in this region. A new synthesis is made for mid-Holocene paleoenvironmental records and is compared with the model simulations. Overall, model simulations produce changes in regional climates that are generally consistent with paleoenvironmental observations.

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Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank Dr. L. Wu and P. Behling for performing the FOAM model simulations. We thank W. Cramer for continued access to the Cramer 2.2 climate data set, K. Sickel and G. Bönisch for assistance with the paleoenvironmental data bases used in this analysis, and P. Behling and S. Rauscher for processing the model output and preparing the illustrations. We would like to thank Drs. S. Hastenrath, A. Hammer and J. Betancourt for discussions of some preliminary results. This work is a contribution to the TEMPO (Testing Earthsystem Models with Paleoenvironmental Observations) project, funded by the National Science Foundation, Earth System History, and to the BMBF Deklim “Past Climate Changes and Variability” project (SPH). The simulations were made with a computer allocation from the NCAR, Boulder, CO, with support from the USA National Science Foundation. This is CCR contribution number 811.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA

    Z. Liu & J. Kutzbach

  2. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany

    S. P. Harrison

  3. National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA

    B. Otto-Bliesner

Authors
  1. Z. Liu
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  2. S. P. Harrison
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  3. J. Kutzbach
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  4. B. Otto-Bliesner
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Z. Liu.

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Table for the proxy data

For completeness, we present the table for proxy data in Table 2 here.

Table 2. Summary of geomorphic or biological data documenting changes in regional moisture balance between 6 ka and present across northern Australia
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Liu, Z., Harrison, S.P., Kutzbach, J. et al. Global monsoons in the mid-Holocene and oceanic feedback. Climate Dynamics 22, 157–182 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0372-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0372-y

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