Abstract
Assessing intracranial pressure (ICP) remains a cornerstone in neurosurgical care. Invasive techniques for monitoring ICP remain the gold standard. The need for a reliable, safe and reproducible technique to non-invasively assess ICP in the context of early screening and in the neurocritical care environment is obvious. Numerous techniques have been described with several novel advances. While none of the currently available techniques appear independently accurate enough to quantify raised ICP, there is some promising work being undertaken.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Guillaume J, Janny P (1951) Continuous intracranial manometry; importance of the method and first results. Rev Neurol 84(2):131
Lundberg N (1960) Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 36(Suppl 149):1–193
Saul TG, Ducker TB (1982) Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggressive treatment on mortality in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 56(4):498–503
Miller JD, Becker DP, Ward JD, Sullivan HG, Adams WE, Rosner MJ (1977) Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 47(4):503–516
Avezaat CJ, Van Eijndhoven JH, Wyper DJ (1979) Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume-pressure relationships. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42(8):687–700
Marmarou A, Anderson RL, Ward JD et al (1981) Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma. Special Supplements 75(1):59–66
Becker DP, Miller JD, Ward JD, Greenberg RP, Young HF, Sakalas R (1977) The outcome from severe head injury with early diagnosis and intensive management. J Neurosurg 47(4):491–502
Marshall LF, Smith RW, Shapiro HM (1979) The outcome with aggressive treatment in severe head injuries: part I: the significance of intracranial pressure monitoring. J Neurosurg 50(1):20–25
Smith M (2008) Monitoring intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. Anesth Analg 106(1):240–248
Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Marshall SB (1993) Medical management of intracranial pressure. Head Injury 4:229–263
Salim A, Hannon M, Brown C et al (2008) Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe isolated pediatric blunt head trauma. Am Surg 74(11):1088–1093
Shafi S, Diaz-Arrastia R, Madden C, Gentilello L (2008) Intracranial pressure monitoring in brain-injured patients is associated with worsening of survival. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 64(2):335–340
Czosnyka M, Pickard JD (2004) Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(6):813–821
Padayachy LC, Figaji AA, Bullock MR (2010) Intracranial pressure monitoring for traumatic brain injury in the modern era. Childs Nerv Syst 26(4):441–452
Citerio G, Andrews PJ (2004) Intracranial pressure. Intensive Care Med 30(10):1882–1885
Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Kirkpatrick P, Laing RJ, Menon D, Pickard JD (1997) Continuous assessment of the cerebral vasomotor reactivity in head injury. Neurosurgery 41:11–17
Treggiari MM, Schutz N, Yanez ND, Romand JA (2007) Role of intracranial pressure values and patterns in predicting outcome in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care 6(2):104–112
Wiegand C, Richards P (2007) Measurement of intracranial pressure in children: a critical review of current methods. Dev Med Child Neurol 49(12):935–941
Kristiansson H, Nissborg E, Bartek J Jr, Andresen M, Reinstrup P, Romner B (2013) Measuring elevated intracranial pressure through noninvasive methods: a review of the literature. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 25(4):372–385
Adelson PD, Bratton SL, Carney NA et al (2003) Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents. Chapter 5. Indications for intracranial pressure monitoring in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 4(3 Suppl):S19–24
Morris KP, Forsyth RJ, Parslow RC et al (2006) UK Paediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Study Group. Intracranial pressure complicating severe traumatic brain injury in children: monitoring and management. Intensive Care Med 32(10):1606–1612
Chambers IR, Siddique MS, Banister K, Mendelow AD (2001) Clinical comparison of the Spiegelberg parenchymal transducer and ventricular fluid pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71(3):383–385
Michaud LJ, Rivara FP, Grady MS, Reay DT (1992) Predictors of survival and severity of disability after severe brain injury in children. Neurosurgery 31(2):254–26
Rosenberg JB, Shiloh AL, Savel RH, Eisen LA (2011) Non-invasive methods of estimating intracranial pressure. Neurocrit Care 15(3):599–608
Raboel PH, Bartek J, Andresen M, Bellander BM, Romner B (2012) Intracranial pressure monitoring: invasive versus non-invasive methods—a review. Crit Care Res Pract 2012(12):1–14
Anderson RC, Kan P, Klimo P, Brockmeyer DL, Walker ML, Kestle JR (2004) Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in children with head trauma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 101(2):53–58
Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J et al (2006) Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VI. Indications for intracranial pressure monitoring. J Neurotrauma 24(S1):S37–44
Hanlo PW, Gooskens RH, Faber JA et al (1996) Relationship between anterior fontanelle pressure measurements and clinical signs in infantile hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 12(4):200–209
Wealthall SR, Smallwood R (1974) Methods of measuring intracranial pressure via the fontanelle without puncture. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37(1):88–96
Tuite GF, Chong WK, Evanson J et al (1996) The effectiveness of papilledema as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery 38(2):272–278
Sajjadi SA, Harirchian MH, Sheikhbahaei N, Mohebbi MR, Malekmadani MH, Saberi H (2006) The relation between intracranial and intraocular pressures: study of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 59(5):867–870
Hedges TR, Zaren HA (1973) The relationship of optic nerve tissue pressure to intracranial and systemic arterial pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 75(1):90–98
Hedges TR (1974) Papilledema: its recognition and relation to increased intracranial pressure. Surv Ophthalmol 19(4):201–223
Jacks AS, Miller NR (2003) Spontaneous retinal venous pulsation: aetiology and significance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(1):7–9
Levin BE (1978) The clinical significance of spontaneous pulsations of the retinal vein. Arch Neurol 35(1):37–40
Wong SH, White RP (2013) The clinical validity of the spontaneous retinal venous pulsation. J Neuroophthalmol 33(1):17–20
Larson MD, Muhiudeen I (1995) Pupillometric analysis of the absent light reflex. Arch Neurol 52(4):369–372
Du R, Meeker M, Bacchetti P, Larson MD, Holland MC, Manley GT (2005) Evaluation of the portable infrared pupillometer. Neurosurgery 57(1):198–203
Taylor WR, Chen JW, Meltzer H et al (2003) Quantitative pupillometry, a new technology: normative data and preliminary observations in patients with acute head injury: technical note. J Neurosurg 98(1):205–213
Boev AN, Fountas KN, Karampelas I et al (2005) Quantitative pupillometry: normative data in healthy pediatric volunteers. J Neurosurg Pediatr 103(6 Suppl):496–500
Lashutka MK, Chandra A, Murray HN, Phillips GS, Hiestand BC (2004) The relationship of intraocular pressure to intracranial pressure. Ann Emerg Med 43(5):585–591
Salman MS (1997) Can intracranial pressure be measured non-invasively? Lancet 350(9088):1367
Czarnik T, Gawda R, Kolodziej W, Latka D, Sznajd-Weron K, Weron R (2009) Associations between intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure and mean arterial pressure in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries. Injury 40(1):33–39
Spentzas T, Henricksen J, Patters AB, Chaum E (2010) Correlation of intraocular pressure with intracranial pressure in children with severe head injuries. Pediatr Crit Care Med 11(5):593–598
Lehman RA, Krupin T, Podos SM (1972) Experimental effect of intracranial hypertension upon intraocular pressure. J Neurosurg 36(1):60–66
Yavin D, Luu J, James MT et al (2014) Diagnostic accuracy of intraocular pressure measurement for the detection of raised intracranial pressure: meta-analysis: a systematic review. J Neurosurg 121(3):680–687
Li Z, Yang Y, Lu Y et al (2012) Intraocular pressure vs intracranial pressure in disease conditions: a prospective cohort study (Beijing iCOP study). BMC Neurol 12(1):66
Hee MR, Izatt JA, Swanson EA et al (1995) Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch Ophthalmol 113(3):325–332
Scott CJ, Kardon RH, Lee AG, Frisen L, Wall M (2010) Diagnosis and grading of papilledema in patients with raised intracranial pressure using optical coherence tomography vs clinical expert assessment using a clinical staging scale. Arch Ophthalmol 128(6):705–711
Driessen C, Eveleens J, Bleyen I, Van Veelen ML, Joosten K, Mathiijssen I (2014) Optical coherence tomography: a quantitative tool to screen for papilledema in craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 30:1067–1073
Anand A, Pass A, Urfy M et al (2016) Optical coherence tomography of the optic nerve head detects acute changes in intracranial pressure. J Clin Neurosci 29:73–76
Kruse FE, Burk RO, Völcker HE, Zinser G, Harbarth U (1989) Reproducibility of topographic measurements of the optic nerve head with laser tomographic scanning. Ophthalmology 96(9):1320–1324
Rohrschneider K, Burk RO, Kruse FE, Völcker HE (1998) Reproducibility of the optic nerve head topography with a new laser tomographic scanning device. Ophthalmology 101(6):1044–1049
Trick GL, Vesti E, Tawansy K, Skarf B, Gartner J (1998) Quantitative evaluation of papilledema in pseudotumor cerebri. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39(10):1964–1971
Heckmann JG, Weber M, Jünemann AG, Neundörfer B, Mardin CY (2004) Laser scanning tomography of the optic nerve vs CSF opening pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology 62(7):1221–1223
Baurmann M (1925) On the origin and clinical significance of retinal venous pulse. Zusammenkunft Deutschen Ophthalmologie 45:53–59
Firsching R, Schütze M, Motschmann M, Behrens-Baumann W (2000) Venous ophthalmodynamometry: a noninvasive method for assessment of intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 93(1):33–36
Geeraerts T, Duranteau J, Benhamou D (2008) Ocular sonography in patients with raised intracranial pressure: the papilloedema revisited. Crit Care 12(3):150
Hansen HC, Helmke K (1996) The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves. An ultrasound study of the optic nerve sheath. Surg Radiol Anat 18(4):323–328
Geeraerts T, Newcombe VF, Coles JP et al (2008) Use of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve sheath to detect raised intracranial pressure. Crit Care 12(5):R114
Gibby WA, Cohen MS, Goldberg HI, Sergott RC (1993) Pseudotumor cerebri: CT findings and correlation with vision loss. Am J Roentgenol 160(1):143–146
Sekhon MS, Griesdale DE, Robba C et al (2014) Optic nerve sheath diameter on computed tomography is correlated with simultaneously measured intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med 40(9):1267–1274
Newman WD, Hollman AS, Dutton GN, Carachi R (2002) Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Br J Ophthalmol 86(10):1109–1113
Padayachy LC, Kilborn T, Carrara H, Figaji A, Fieggen G (2015) Change in optic nerve sheath diameter as a radiological marker of outcome from endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children. Childs Nerv Syst 31(5):721–728
Rajajee V, Vanaman M, Fletcher JJ, Jacobs TL (2011) Optic nerve ultrasound for the detection of raised intracranial pressure. Neurocrit Care 15(3):506–515
Soldatos T, Karakitsos D, Chatzimichail K, Papathanasiou M, Gouliamos A, Karabinis A (2008) Optic nerve sonography in the diagnostic evaluation of adult brain injury. Crit Care 12(3):R67
Kimberly HH, Shah S, Marill K, Noble V (2008) Correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure. Acad Emerg Med 15(2):201–204
Hansen HC, Helmke K (1997) Validation of the optic nerve sheath response to changing cerebrospinal fluid pressure: ultrasound findings during intrathecal infusion tests. J Neurosurg 87(1):34–40
Wang L, Feng L, Yao Y et al (2015) Optimal optic nerve sheath diameter threshold for the identification of elevated opening pressure on lumbar puncture in a Chinese population. PLoS One 10(2):e0117939
Helmke K, Hansen HC (1996) Fundamentals of transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath expansion under intracranial hypertension. Pediatr Radiol 26(10):701–705
Ballantyne J, Hollman A, Hamilton R et al (1999) Transorbital optic nerve sheath ultrasonography in normal children. Clin Radiol 54(11):740–742
Padayachy LC, Padayachy V, Galal U, Pollock T, Fieggen AG (2016) The relationship between optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement and invasively measured ICP. Part II: age related ONSD cut-off values and patency of the anterior fontanelle. Child’s Nerv Syst (in press)
Steinborn M, Friedmann M, Makowski C, Hahn H, Hapfelmeier A, Juenger H (2016) High resolution transbulbar sonography in children with suspicion of increased intracranial pressure. Childs Nerv Syst 32(4):655–660
London A, Benhar I, Schwartz M (2013) The retina as a window to the brain—from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 9(1):44–53
Moretti R, Pizzi B (2011) Ultrasonography of the optic nerve in neurocritically ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 55(6):644–652
Malayeri AA, Bavarian S, Mehdizadeh M (2005) Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve diameter in children with raised intracranial pressure. J Ultrasound Med 24(2):143–147
Beare NA, Kampondeni S, Glover SJ et al (2008) Detection of raised intracranial pressure by ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in African children. Trop Med Int Health 13(11):1400–1404
Steinborn M, Friedmann M, Hahn H et al (2015) Normal values for transbulbar sonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in children and adolescents. Ultraschall Med 36(1):54–58
Dubourg J, Javouhey E, Geeraerts T, Messerer M, Kassai B (2011) Ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter for detection of raised intracranial pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 37(7):1059–1068
Soldatos T, Chatzimichail K, Papathanasiou M, Gouliamos A (2009) Optic nerve sonography: a new window for the non-invasive evaluation of intracranial pressure in brain injury. Emerg Med J 26(9):630–634
Padayachy L, Padayachy V, Galal U, Grey R, Fieggen G (2016) The relationship between transorbital ultrasound measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and invasively measured ICP in children. Part I: repeatability, observer variability and general analysis. Childs Nerv Syst (in press)
Girisgin AS, Kalkan E, Kocak S, Cander B, Gul M, Semiz M (2007) The role of optic nerve ultrasonography in the diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure. Emerg Med J 24(4):251–254
Tayal VS, Neulander M, Norton HJ, Foster T, Saunders T, Blaivas M (2007) Emergency department sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect findings of increased intracranial pressure in adult head injury patients. Ann Emerg Med 49(4):508–514
Major R, Girling S, Boyle A (2011) Ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with a clinical suspicion of raised intracranial pressure. Emerg Med J 28(8):679–81
Reid A, Marchbanks RJ, Burge DM, Martin AM, Bateman DE, Pickard JD et al (1990) The relationship between intracranial pressure and tympanic membrane displacement. Br J Audiol 24:123–9
Gwer S, Sheward V, Birch A, Marchbanks R, Idro R, Newton C, Kirkham F, Lin J-P, Lim M (2013) The tympanic membrane displacement analyser for monitoring intracranial pressure in children. Child’s Nerv Syst 29:927–33
Samuel M, Burge DM, Marchbanks RJ (1998) Quantitative assessment of intracranial pressure by the tympanic membrane displacement audiometric technique in children with shunted hydrocephalus. Eur J Pediatr Surg 8(4):200–207
Jerin C, Berman A, Krause E, Ertl-Wagner B, Gürkov R (2014) Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential frequency tuning in certain Meniere’s disease. Hear Res 310:54–59
Shimbles S, Dodd C, Banister K, Mendelow AD, Chambers IR (2005) Clinical comparison of tympanic membrane displacement with invasive intracranial pressure measurements. Physiol Meas 26(6):1085
Silverman CA, Linstrom CJ (2013) How to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure invasively and noninvasively. J Glaucoma 22:S26–S28
Voss SE, Horton NJ, Tabucchi TH, Folowosele FO, Shera CA (2006) Posture-induced changes in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and the potential for noninvasive monitoring of changes in intracranial pressure. Neurocrit Care 4(3):251–257
Büki B, Avan P, Lemaire JJ, Dordain M, Chazal J, Ribari O (1996) Otoacoustic emissions: a new tool for monitoring intracranial pressure changes through stapes displacements. Hear Res 94(1):125–139
Frank AM, Alexiou C, Hulin P, Janssen T, Arnold W, Trappe AE (1999) Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure changes by otoacoustic emissions (OAEs)—a report of preliminary data. Zentralbl Neurochir 61(4):177–180
Kiesler J, Ricer R (2003) The abnormal fontanel. Am Fam Physician 67(12):2547–2552
Purin VR (1964) Measurement of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the infant without puncture. A new method. Pediatriya 43:82–85
Vidyasagar D, Raju TNK (1977) A simple noninvasive technique of measuring intracranial pressure in the newborn. Pediatrics 59(6):957–961
Peters RJA, Hanlo PW, Gooskens RHJ, Braun KPJ, Tulleken CAF, Willemse J (2005) Non-invasive ICP monitoring in infants: the Rotterdam Teletransducer revisited. Childs Nerv Syst 11(4):207–213
Behmanesh B, Setzer M, Noack A, Bartels M, Quick-Weller J, Seifert V, Freiman TM (2016) Noninvasive epicutaneous transfontanelle intracranial pressure monitoring in children under the age of 1 year: a novel technique. J Neurosurg Pediatr 27:1–5
Lupetin AR, Davis DA, Beckham I, Dash N (1995) Transcranial Doppler sonography. Part 1. Principles, technique, and normal appearances. Radiographics 15(1):179–191
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H (1982) Noninvasive intracranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 57:769–774
Bellner J, Romner B, Reinstrup P, Kristiansson KA, Ryding E, Brandt L (2004) Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP). Surg Neurol 62(1):45–51
Adams RJ (2005) TCD in sickle cell disease: an important and useful test. Pediatr Radiol 35(3):229–234
Radolovich DK, Aries MJH, Castellani G et al (2011) Pulsatile intracranial pressure and cerebral autoregulation after traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 15(3):379–386
Leliefeld PH, Gooskens RH, Peters RJ et al (2009) New transcranial Doppler index in infants with hydrocephalus: transsystolic time in clinical practice. Ultrasound Med Biol 35(10):1601–1606
Krejza J, Mariak Z, Babikian V (2001) Importance of angle correction in the measurement of blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler sonography. Am J Neuroradiol 22:1743–1747
Voulgaris SG, Partheni M, Kaliora H, Haftouras N, Pessach IS, Polyzoidis KS (2005) Early cerebral monitoring using the transcranial Doppler pulsatility index in patients with severe brain trauma. Ann Transplant 11(2):CR49–CR52
Figaji AA, Zwane E, Fieggen AG, Siesjo P, Peter JC (2009) Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index is not a reliable indicator of intracranial pressure in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol 72(4):389–394
Melo JRT, Di Rocco F, Blanot S et al (2011) Transcranial Doppler can predict intracranial hypertension in children with severe traumatic brain injuries. Childs Nerv Syst 27(6):979–984
Alperin NJ, Lee SH, Loth F, Raksin PB, Lichtor T (2000) MR-intracranial pressure (ICP): a method to measure intracranial elastance and pressure noninvasively by means of MR imaging: baboon and human study 1. Radiology 217(3):877–885
Alperin N, Hushek SG, Lee SH, Sivaramakrishnan A, Lichtor T (2005) MRI study of cerebral blood flow and CSF flow dynamics in an upright posture: the effect of posture on the intracranial compliance and pressure. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95:177–181
Muehlmann M, Koerte IK, Laubender RP et al (2013) Magnetic resonance-based estimation of intracranial pressure correlates with ventriculoperitoneal shunt valve opening pressure setting in children with hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol 48(7):543–547
Glick RP, Niebruegge J, Lee SH, Egibor O, Lichtor T, Alperin N (2006) Early experience from the application of a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 59(5):1052–1061
Ghosh A, Elwell C, Smith M (2012) Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in adults: a work in progress. Anesth Analg 115(6):1373–1383
Kampfl A, Pfausler B, Denchev D, Jaring P, Schmutzhard E (1997) Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in patients with severe brain injury and elevated intracranial pressure. Acta Neurochir Suppl 70:112–114
Weerakkody RA, Czosnyka M, Zweifel C et al (2012) Near infrared spectroscopy as possible non-invasive monitor of slow vasogenic ICP waves. Acta Neurochir Suppl 114:181–185
Zweifel C, Castellani G, Czosnyka M et al (2010) Continuous assessment of cerebral autoregulation with near-infrared spectroscopy in adults after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 41(9):1963–1968
Chen H, Wang J, Mao S, Dong W, Yang H (2012) A new method of intracranial pressure monitoring by EEG power spectrum analysis. Can J Neurol Sci 39(4):483–487
Liasis A, Thompson DA, Hayward R, Nischal KK (2003) Sustained raised intracranial pressure implicated only by pattern reversal visual evoked potentials after cranial vault expansion surgery. Pediatr Neurosurg 39(2):75–80
Rosenfeld JP, Owen RL (1972) Instrumental conditioning of photic evoked potentials: mechanisms and properties of late component modification. Physiol Behav 9(5):851–858
Wu X, Ji Z (2007) Non-invasive detection for intracranial high pressure with FVEP picked-up by independent component analysis. J Biomed Eng 24(5):1015–1018
York DH, Pulliam MW, Rosenfeld JG, Watts C (1981) Relationship between visual evoked potentials and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 55(6):909–916
York D, Legan M, Benner S, Watts C (1984) Further studies with a noninvasive method of intracranial pressure estimation. Neurosurgery 14(4):456–461
Desch LW (2001) Longitudinal stability of visual evoked potentials in children and adolescents with hydrocephalus. Dev Med Child Neurol 43(02):113–117
Zhao YL, Zhou JY, Zhu GH (2005) Clinical experience with the noninvasive ICP monitoring system. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95:351–355
Andersson L, Sjölund J, Nilsson J (2012) Flash visual evoked potentials are unreliable as markers of ICP due to high variability in normal subjects. Acta Neurochir 154(1):121–127
Hiler M, Czosnyka M, Hutchinson P et al (2006) Predictive value of initial computerized tomography scan, intracranial pressure, and state of autoregulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 104(5):731–737
Tuite GF, Evanson J, Chong WK, Thompson DN, Harkness WF, Jones BM et al (1996) The beaten copper cranium: a correlation between intracranial pressure, cranial radiographs, and computed tomographic scans in children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery 39(4):691–699
Thompson P, Toga AW (1996) A surface-based technique for warping three-dimensional images of the brain. Medical Imaging 15(4):402–417
Reed MJ, Browning JG, Wilkinson AG, Beattie T (2005) Can we abolish skull X-rays for head injury? Arch Dis Child 90(8):859–864
Sadhu VK, Sampson J, Haar FL, Pinto RS, Handel SF (1979) Correlation between computed tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring in acute head trauma patients 1. Radiology 133(2):507–509
Eisenberg HM, Gary HE Jr, Aldrich EF et al (1990) Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury: a report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg 73(5):688–698
Eide PK (2003) The relationship between intracranial pressure and size of cerebral ventricles assessed by computed tomography. Acta Neurochir 145(3):171–179
Miller MT, Pasquale M, Kurek S et al (2004) Initial head computed tomographic scan characteristics have a linear relationship with initial intracranial pressure after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 56(5):967–973
Toutant SM, Klauber MR, Marshall LF (1984) Absent or compressed basal cisterns on first CT scan: ominous predictors of outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 61(4):691–694
Pauwels EK, Bourguignon MH (2012) Radiation dose features and solid cancer induction in pediatric computed tomography. Med Princ Pract 21(6):508–515
Bruwer GE, Van der Westhuizen S, Lombard CJ, Schoeman JF (2004) Can CT predict the level of CSF block in tuberculous hydrocephalus? Childs Nerv Syst 20(3):183–187
Schoeman JF, Van Zyl LE, Laubscher JA, Donald PR (1995) Serial CT scanning in childhood tuberculous meningitis: prognostic features in 198 cases. J Child Neurol 10(4):320–329
Krille L, Zeeb H, Jahnen A (2012) Computed tomographies and cancer risk in children: a literature overview of CT practices, risk estimations and an epidemiologic cohort study proposal. Radiat Environ Biophys 51(2):103–111
Mizutani T, Manaka S, Tsutsumi H (1990) Estimation of intracranial pressure using computed tomography scan findings in patients with severe head injury. Surg Neurol 33(3):178–184
Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP et al (2012) Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 380(9840):499–505
Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography: an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357(22):2277–2284
Smyth MD, Narayan P, Tubbs RS et al (2008) Cumulative diagnostic radiation exposure in children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 24(4):493–497
Zhang X, Burstein R, Levy D (2012) Local action of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 on intracranial meningeal nociceptors. Cephalalgia 32(1):66–72
Marshall I, MacCormick I, Sellar R, Whittle I (2008) Assessment of factors affecting MRI measurement of intracranial volume changes and elastance index. Br J Neurosurg 22(3):389–397
Raskin PB, Alperin N, Sivaramakrishnan A, Surapaneni S, Lichtor T (2003) Noninvasive intracranial compliance and pressure based on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid flow: review of principles, implementation, and other noninvasive approaches. Neurosurg Focus 14(4):1–8
Gass A, Barker GJ, Riordan-Eva P et al (1996) MRI of the optic nerve in benign intracranial hypertension. Neuroradiology 38(8):769–773
Petkus V, Ragauskas A, Jurkinos R (2002) Investigation of intracranial media ultrasonic monitoring. Ultrasonics 40(1-8):829–33
Ragauskas A, Daubaris G, Ragaisis V, Petkus V (2003) Implementation of non-invasive brain physiological monitoring concepts. Med Eng Phys 25(8):667–78
Ragauskas A, Daubaris G, Dziugys A, Azelis V, Gedrimas V (2005) Innovative non-invasive method absolute intracranial pressure measurement without calibration. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95:357–61
Ragauskas A, Matijosaitis V, Zakelis R et al (2012) Clinical assessment of noninvasive intracranial pressure absolute value measurement method. Neurology 87(21):1684–91
Bershad EM, Anand A, DeSantis SM, Yang M, Tang RA, Calvillo E, Malkin-Gosdin L, Foroozan R, Damani R, Maldonado N, Gupta P (2016) Clinical validation of a transcranial Doppler-based non-invasive ICP meter: a prospective cross-sectional study. World Neurosurg 89:647–653
Padayachy L, Brekken R, Fieggen A, Selbekk T (2016) Pulsatile dynamics of the optic nerve sheath and intracranial pressure: an exploratory in vivo investigation. Neurosurgery 79(1):100–107
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Padayachy, L.C. Non-invasive intracranial pressure assessment. Childs Nerv Syst 32, 1587–1597 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3159-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3159-2