Abstract
Purpose
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are rare, aggressive, central nervous system neoplasms that typically affect children under 3 years of age and have a very poor prognosis. Early case series consistently demonstrated rapid recurrence with progression to death, but more recent experience has shown significant improvements in progression free and overall survival.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of children diagnosed with AT/RT at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago (formerly Children’s Memorial Hospital) between 2000 and 2014 was performed. Overall survival (OS) was used to describe outcome. Our small sample size and the utilization of different adjuvant regimens over the study period precluded a detailed statistical analysis.
Results
Eight children with AT/RT of the posterior fossa were included in our report. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in five children (63 %), two children underwent subtotal resection (25 %), and there was one who underwent biopsy. Patients were treated with various combinations of chemotherapy with or without conformal radiation therapy (RT). Median overall survival was 5 months (range 1 to 107 months) with two patients achieving sustained responses to 45 and 107 months.
Conclusions
Our experience is in line with prior reports that show that children diagnosed with AT/RT of the posterior fossa have a poor prognosis, but that long-term survival is possible. These tumors provide many challenges, but contemporary series are beginning to show improvements in survival.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Woehrer A, Slavc I, Waldhoer T, Heinzl H, Zielonke N, Czech T, Benesch M, Hainfellner JA, Haberler C, Austrian Brain Tumor R (2010) Incidence of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in children: a population-based study by the Austrian Brain Tumor Registry, 1996–2006. Cancer 116:5725–5732
Rorke LB, Packer RJ, Biegel JA (1996) Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of infancy and childhood: definition of an entity. J Neurosurg 85:56–65
Lafay-Cousin L, Hawkins C, Carret AS, Johnston D, Zelcer S, Wilson B, Jabado N, Scheinemann K, Eisenstat D, Fryer C, Fleming A, Mpofu C, Larouche V, Strother D, Bouffet E, Huang A (2012) Central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours: the Canadian Paediatric Brain Tumour Consortium experience. Eur J Cancer 48:353–359
Hilden JM, Meerbaum S, Burger P, Finlay J, Janss A, Scheithauer BW, Walter AW, Rorke LB, Biegel JA (2004) Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: results of therapy in children enrolled in a registry. J Clin Oncol 22:2877–2884
Lefkowitz IBRLB, Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Siegel KR, Katnick RJ (1987) Atypical teratoid tumor of infancy: Definition of an entity. Ann Neurol 22:448–449
Packer RJ, Biegel JA, Blaney S, Finlay J, Geyer JR, Heideman R, Hilden J, Janss AJ, Kun L, Vezina G, Rorke LB, Smith M (2002) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: report on workshop. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24:337–342
Burger PC, Yu IT, Tihan T, Friedman HS, Strother DR, Kepner JL, Duffner PK, Kun LE, Perlman EJ (1998) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: a highly malignant tumor of infancy and childhood frequently mistaken for medulloblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1083–1092
Tekautz TM, Fuller CE, Blaney S, Fouladi M, Broniscer A, Merchant TE, Krasin M, Dalton J, Hale G, Kun LE, Wallace D, Gilbertson RJ, Gajjar A (2005) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT): improved survival in children 3 years of age and older with radiation therapy and high-dose alkylator-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 23:1491–1499
Slavc I, Chocholous M, Leiss U, Haberler C, Peyrl A, Azizi AA, Dieckmann K, Woehrer A, Peters C, Widhalm G, Dorfer C, Czech T (2014) Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: improved long-term survival with an intensive multimodal therapy and delayed radiotherapy. The Medical University of Vienna Experience 1992–2012. Cancer Med 3:91–100
Ginn KF, Gajjar A (2012) Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: current therapy and future directions. Front Oncol 2:114
Finkelstein-Shechter T, Gassas A, Mabbott D, Huang A, Bartels U, Tabori U, Janzen L, Hawkins C, Taylor M, Bouffet E (2010) Atypical teratoid or rhabdoid tumors: improved outcome with high-dose chemotherapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 32:e182–e186
Chi SN, Zimmerman MA, Yao X, Cohen KJ, Burger P, Biegel JA, Rorke-Adams LB, Fisher MJ, Janss A, Mazewski C, Goldman S, Manley PE, Bowers DC, Bendel A, Rubin J, Turner CD, Marcus KJ, Goumnerova L, Ullrich NJ, Kieran MW (2009) Intensive multimodality treatment for children with newly diagnosed CNS atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor. J Clin Oncol 27:385–389
Chang CH, Housepian EM, Herbert C Jr (1969) An operative staging system and a megavoltage radiotherapeutic technic for cerebellar medulloblastomas. Radiology 93:1351–1359
Judkins AR, Eberhart CG, Wesseling P (2007) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. In: Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (eds) Louis DN. WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. International Agency for Research on Cancer Press, Lyon, pp 147–149
Ostrom QT, Chen Y, MdB P, Ondracek A, Farah P, Gittleman H, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Cohen ML, Brat DJ, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2014) The descriptive epidemiology of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in the United States, 2001–2010. Neuro Oncol 16:1392–1399
Rorke LB, Packer R, Biegel J (1995) Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of infancy and childhood. J Neurooncol 24:21–28
Kleihues PLDN, Scheithauer BW, Rorke LB, Reifenberger G, Burger PC, Cavenee WK (2000) Tumours of the Nervous System: World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. International Agency for Research on Cancer Press, Lyon
Jin B, Feng XY (2013) MRI features of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in children. Pediatr Radiol 43:1001–1008
Tomita T, Frassanito P (2013) Tumors of the superior medullary velum in infancy and childhood: report of 6 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 11:52–59
Haberler C, Laggner U, Slavc I, Czech T, Ambros IM, Ambros PF, Budka H, Hainfellner JA (2006) Immunohistochemical analysis of INI1 protein in malignant pediatric CNS tumors: lack of INI1 in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors and in a fraction of primitive neuroectodermal tumors without rhabdoid phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol 30:1462–1468
Judkins AR, Mauger J, Ht A, Rorke LB, Biegel JA (2004) Immunohistochemical analysis of hSNF5/INI1 in pediatric CNS neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 28:644–650
Hollmann TJ, Hornick JL (2011) INI1-deficient tumors: diagnostic features and molecular genetics. Am J Surg Pathol 35:e47–e63
Margol AS, Judkins AR (2014) Pathology and diagnosis of SMARCB1-deficient tumors. Cancer Genet 207:358–364
Hasselblatt M, Gesk S, Oyen F, Rossi S, Viscardi E, Giangaspero F, Giannini C, Judkins AR, Fruhwald MC, Obser T, Schneppenheim R, Siebert R, Paulus W (2011) Nonsense mutation and inactivation of SMARCA4 (BRG1) in an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor showing retained SMARCB1 (INI1) expression. Am J Surg Pathol 35:933–935
Agaimy A (2014) The expanding family of SMARCB1(INI1)-deficient neoplasia: implications of phenotypic, biological, and molecular heterogeneity. Adv Anat Pathol 21:394–410
Yadav R, Sharma MC, Malgulwar PB, Pathak P, Sigamani E, Suri V, Sarkar C, Kumar A, Singh M, Sharma BS, Garg A, Bakhshi S, Faruq M (2014) Prognostic value of MIB-1, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, and INI1 in childhood chordomas. Neuro Oncol 16:372–381
Mobley BC, McKenney JK, Bangs CD, Callahan K, Yeom KW, Schneppenheim R, Hayden MG, Cherry AM, Gokden M, Edwards MS, Fisher PG, Vogel H (2010) Loss of SMARCB1/INI1 expression in poorly differentiated chordomas. Acta Neuropathol 120:745–753
Arnold MA, Stallings-Archer K, Marlin E, Grondin R, Olshefski R, Biegel JA, Pierson CR (2013) Cribriform neuroepithelial tumor arising in the lateral ventricle. Pediatr Dev Pathol 16:301–307
Hasselblatt M, Oyen F, Gesk S, Kordes U, Wrede B, Bergmann M, Schmid H, Fruhwald MC, Schneppenheim R, Siebert R, Paulus W (2009) Cribriform neuroepithelial tumor (CRINET): a nonrhabdoid ventricular tumor with INI1 loss and relatively favorable prognosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68:1249–1255
Park JY, Kim E, Kim DW, Chang HW, Kim SP (2012) Cribriform neuroepithelial tumor in the third ventricle: a case report and literature review. Neuropathology 32:570–576
Ibrahim GM, Huang A, Halliday W, Dirks PB, Malkin D, Baskin B, Shago M, Hawkins C (2011) Cribriform neuroepithelial tumour: novel clinicopathological, ultrastructural and cytogenetic findings. Acta Neuropathol 122:511–514
Miller S, Ward JH, Rogers HA, Lowe J, Grundy RG (2013) Loss of INI1 protein expression defines a subgroup of aggressive central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Brain Pathol 23:19–27
Zakrzewska M, Wojcik I, Zakrzewski K, Polis L, Grajkowska W, Roszkowski M, Augelli BJ, Liberski PP, Rieske P (2005) Mutational analysis of hSNF5/INI1 and TP53 genes in choroid plexus carcinomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 156:179–182
van den Munckhof P, Christiaans I, Kenter SB, Baas F, Hulsebos TJ (2012) Germline SMARCB1 mutation predisposes to multiple meningiomas and schwannomas with preferential location of cranial meningiomas at the falx cerebri. Neurogenetics 13:1–7
Christiaans I, Kenter SB, Brink HC, van Os TA, Baas F, van den Munckhof P, Kidd AM, Hulsebos TJ (2011) Germline SMARCB1 mutation and somatic NF2 mutations in familial multiple meningiomas. J Med Genet 48:93–97
Jackson EM, Sievert AJ, Gai X, Hakonarson H, Judkins AR, Tooke L, Perin JC, Xie H, Shaikh TH, Biegel JA (2009) Genomic analysis using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism-based oligonucleotide arrays and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification provides a comprehensive analysis of INI1/SMARCB1 in malignant rhabdoid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 15:1923–1930
Lee RS, Stewart C, Carter SL, Ambrogio L, Cibulskis K, Sougnez C, Lawrence MS, Auclair D, Mora J, Golub TR, Biegel JA, Getz G, Roberts CW (2012) A remarkably simple genome underlies highly malignant pediatric rhabdoid cancers. J Clin Invest 122:2983–2988
Roberts CW, Biegel JA (2009) The role of SMARCB1/INI1 in development of rhabdoid tumor. Cancer Biol Ther 8:412–416
Sredni ST, Tomita T (2015) Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol 18:49–58
Bourdeaut F, Lequin D, Brugieres L, Reynaud S, Dufour C, Doz F, Andre N, Stephan JL, Perel Y, Oberlin O, Orbach D, Bergeron C, Rialland X, Freneaux P, Ranchere D, Figarella-Branger D, Audry G, Puget S, Evans DG, Pinas JC, Capra V, Mosseri V, Coupier I, Gauthier-Villars M, Pierron G, Delattre O (2011) Frequent hSNF5/INI1 germline mutations in patients with rhabdoid tumor. Clin Cancer Res 17:31–38
Eaton KW, Tooke LS, Wainwright LM, Judkins AR, Biegel JA (2011) Spectrum of SMARCB1/INI1 mutations in familial and sporadic rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56:7–15
Schneppenheim R, Fruhwald MC, Gesk S, Hasselblatt M, Jeibmann A, Kordes U, Kreuz M, Leuschner I, Martin Subero JI, Obser T, Oyen F, Vater I, Siebert R (2010) Germline nonsense mutation and somatic inactivation of SMARCA4/BRG1 in a family with rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 86:279–284
Fruhwald MC, Hasselblatt M, Wirth S, Kohler G, Schneppenheim R, Subero JI, Siebert R, Kordes U, Jurgens H, Vormoor J (2006) Non-linkage of familial rhabdoid tumors to SMARCB1 implies a second locus for the rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 47:273–278
Athale UH, Duckworth J, Odame I, Barr R (2009) Childhood atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 31:651–663
Meyers SP, Khademian ZP, Biegel JA, Chuang SH, Korones DN, Zimmerman RA (2006) Primary intracranial atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of infancy and childhood: MRI features and patient outcomes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:962–971
Warmuth-Metz M, Bison B, Dannemann-Stern E, Kortmann R, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T (2008) CT and MR imaging in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system. Neuroradiology 50:447–452
Nicolaides T, Tihan T, Horn B, Biegel J, Prados M, Banerjee A (2010) High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system. J Neurooncol 98:117–123
Reddy AT (2005) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system. J Neurooncol 75:309–313
Gottardo NG, Gajjar A (2008) Chemotherapy for malignant brain tumors of childhood. J Child Neurol 23:1149–1159
Gardner SL, Asgharzadeh S, Green A, Horn B, McCowage G, Finlay J (2008) Intensive induction chemotherapy followed by high dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell rescue in young children newly diagnosed with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51:235–240
Olson TA, Bayar E, Kosnik E, Hamoudi AB, Klopfenstein KJ, Pieters RS, Ruymann FB (1995) Successful treatment of disseminated central nervous system malignant rhabdoid tumor. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 17:71–75
Zimmerman MA, Goumnerova LC, Proctor M, Scott RM, Marcus K, Pomeroy SL, Turner CD, Chi SN, Chordas C, Kieran MW (2005) Continuous remission of newly diagnosed and relapsed central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. J Neurooncol 72:77–84
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author’s contributions
Arthur J. DiPatri, Jr., MD
Conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, critical revision of the article, and final approval of the version to be published
Simone Treiger Sredni, MD, PhD
Drafting the article, critical revision of the article, and final approval of the version to be published
Tadanori Tomita, MD
Conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision of the article, and final approval of the version to be published
Gordan Grahovac, MD
Acquisition of data and final approval of the version to be published
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
DiPatri, A.J., Sredni, S.T., Grahovac, G. et al. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors of the posterior fossa in children. Childs Nerv Syst 31, 1717–1728 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2844-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2844-x