Abstract
Convectively coupled equatorial Rossby waves (ERW) modulate tropical cyclone activities over tropical oceans. This study presents a survey of the statistical relationship between intraseasonal ERWs and tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) over major global TC basins using four-decade-long outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and TC best-track datasets. Intraseasonal ERWs are identified from the OLR anomalies using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method without imposing equatorial symmetry. We find that westward-propagating ERWs are most significant in four tropical ocean basins over the summer hemisphere and that ERWs exhibit similar northeast-southwest (southeast-northwest) tilted phase lines in the northern (southern) hemisphere, with an appreciable poleward advance of wave energy in most TC basins. The EOF-based ERW indices quantitatively show that ERWs significantly modulate TC genesis. The convectively active (suppressed) phases of ERWs coincide with increased (reduced) TCG occurrences. The TCG modulation by ERWs achieves the maximum where the ERWs propagate through the climatological TCG hotspots. As a result, the total number of TCG occurrences in the TC basins varies significantly according to the ERW phase. The ERW-TCG relationship is significant over the northwestern Pacific Ocean, northeastern Pacific Ocean, and the northern Indian Ocean during the northern summer seasons. In the southern summer season, the ERW-TCG relationship is significant over the southern Indian Ocean, Indonesian-Australia basin, and the southwestern Pacific Ocean. However, ERW activities are weak in the main TC development region of the Atlantic Ocean; and the impact on Atlantic TCG appears to be insignificant.
摘要
对流耦合赤道罗斯贝波(ERWs)对热带海洋上热带气旋(TC)生成起到重要调节作用。本文应用了长达40多年的向外长波辐射资料和热带气旋最佳路径数据集,通过经验正交分解方法来提取季节内尺度的ERWs信号,对于全球主要热带洋盆区域内的ERW-TC之间的统计关系展开分析。结果表明,西传的ERWs在夏半球的四个主要洋盆地区最强,ERWs相位在北半球呈现东南-西北方向倾斜,在南半球呈现东北-西南倾斜,且具有向极地方向的能量耗散。作者进一步利用经验正交分解建立ERW指数对ERW-TC关系进行定量分析,发现在ERW对流活跃期间,TC生成显著增强;反之,在ERW对流抑制期间显著减弱。ERW对于TC生成的影响主要体现在气候态上的TC生成频率最高区域,TC生成个数随着ERW相位变化很大。统计分析表明,在北半球夏季,ERW对TC生成调节作用在西北太平洋、东北太平洋和北印度洋最为显著;而在南半球夏季,ERW-TC关系在南印度洋、印度-澳大利亚海盆和西南太平洋最为显著。ERW在大西洋上的TC活跃区比较弱,且对该区域TC生成的调节作用也不显著。
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Acknowledgements
The authors dedicate this study to the memory of Prof. Fuqing ZHANG, an inspiring mentor, a dear friend, and a dedicated scientist. Prof. ZHANG made fundamental contributions to the sciences of weather prediction and tropical cyclones. This work is supported by NSFC (Grant No. 41875066). We also thank the three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and constructive comments, which significantly improved the clarity and interpretation of this work.
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Article Highlights
• Significant equatorial Rossby wave activities are identified over major tropical ocean basins in the summer hemisphere.
• The modulation of tropical cyclone genesis by ERWs is maximized where the ERWs propagate through the climatological TCG hotspots.
• The ERW-TCG relationship is most significant over the northwestern Pacific Ocean but weak over the Atlantic Ocean basin.
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Wang, S., Fang, J., Tang, X. et al. A Survey of Statistical Relationships between Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Rossby Waves. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 39, 747–762 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-1089-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-1089-8