Abstract
Melt ponds significantly affect Arctic sea ice thermodynamic processes. The melt pond parameterization scheme in the Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE6.0) can predict the volume, area fraction (the ratio between melt pond area to sea ice area in a model grid), and depth of melt ponds. However, this scheme has some uncertain parameters that affect melt pond simulations. These parameters could be determined through a conventional parameter estimation method, which requires a large number of sensitivity simulations. The adjoint model can calculate the parameter sensitivity efficiently. In the present research, an adjoint model was developed for the CESM (Community Earth System Model) melt pond scheme. A melt pond parameter estimation algorithm was then developed based on the CICE6.0 sea ice model, melt pond adjoint model, and L-BFGS (Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfard-Shanno) minimization algorithm. The parameter estimation algorithm was verified under idealized conditions. By using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) melt pond fraction observation as a constraint and the developed parameter estimation algorithm, the melt pond aspect ratio parameter in CESM scheme, which is defined as the ratio between pond depth and pond area fraction, was estimated every eight days during summertime for two different regions in the Arctic. One region was covered by multi-year ice (MYI) and the other by first-year ice (FYI). The estimated parameter was then used in simulations and the results show that: (1) the estimated parameter varies over time and is quite different for MYI and FYI; (2) the estimated parameter improved the simulation of the melt pond fraction.
摘 要
融池显著影响着北极海冰的热力学过程. 洛斯阿拉莫斯海冰模式 (CICE6.0) 中的融池参数化方案可以预测融池的体积、 覆盖率 (模式网格中融池面积与海冰面积的比值) 和深度. 然而, 该方案存在一些影响融池模拟的不确定参数. 使用常规的参数估计方法来确定这些参数需要大量的敏感性试验, 而伴随模式能有效地计算参数敏感性. 在本研究中, 作者建立了一个社区地球系统模式 (CESM) 融池参数化方案的伴随模式. 基于CICE6.0海冰模式、 融池伴随模式和有限内存Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfard-Shanno极小化算法 (L-BFGS), 提出了融池参数估计算法, 并在理想条件下对参数估计算法进行了验证. 在北极的一个多年冰区域 (MYI) 和一个一年冰 (FYI) 区域, 作者利用中分辨率成像光谱仪 (MODIS) 的融池覆盖率观测作为约束, 结合融池参数估计算法, 在夏季每8天对CESM方案中的融池纵横比参数 (定义为融池深度与融池覆盖率之比) 进行估计, 然后将估计的参数值用于随后的模拟. 模拟结果表明: (1) 估计参数值随时间而变化, 且MYI和FYI区域的估计参数值差异较大; (2) 估计参数值的使用改进了融池覆盖率的模拟效果.
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Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0605904). We thank the CliSAP-Integrated Climate Data Center, University of Hamburg for their online publication of MODIS melt pond data. The comments and suggestions from reviewers and editors helped us greatly in improving the manuscript.
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Article Highlights
• An adjoint model of a melt pond scheme is developed and is used to estimate the pond aspect ratio parameter for Arctic sea ice.
• The melt pond fraction simulation using the estimated pond aspect ratio parameter is closer to MODIS observation compared with the simulation using CICE6.0’s default pond aspect ratio.
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Lu, Y., Wang, X. & Dong, J. Melt Pond Scheme Parameter Estimation Using an Adjoint Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1525–1536 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0305-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0305-x