Abstract
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are an important component of the hydrological cycle linking moisture sources in lower latitudes to the Antarctic surface mass balance. We investigate AR signatures in the atmospheric vertical profiles at the Dronning Maud Land coast, East Antarctica, using regular and extra radiosonde measurements conducted during the Year of Polar Prediction Special Observing Period November 2018 to February 2019. Prominent AR events affecting the locations of Neumayer and Syowa cause a strong increase in specific humidity extending through the mid-troposphere and a strong low-level jet (LLJ). At Neumayer, the peak in the moisture inversion (up to 4 g kg−1) is observed between 800 and 900 hPa, while the LLJ (up to 32 m s−1) is concentrated below 900 hPa. At Syowa the increase in humidity is less pronounced and peaks near the surface, while there is a substantial increase in wind speed (up to 40 m s−1) between 825 and 925 hPa. Moisture transport (MT) within the vertical profile during the ARs attains a maximum of 100 g kg−1 m s−1 at both locations, and is captured by both ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data at Neumayer, but is strongly underestimated at Syowa. Composites of the enhanced MT events during 2009-19 show that these events represent an extreme state of the lower-tropospheric profile compared to its median values with respect to temperature, humidity, wind speed and, consequently, MT. High temporal- and vertical-resolution radiosonde observations are important for understanding the contribution of these rare events to the total MT towards Antarctica and improving their representation in models.
摘 要
大气河(ARs)是水循环的重要组成部分,它将低纬度地区的水汽源与南极地表的质量平衡联系在一起。我们使用极地预报年特别观测期2018年11月至2019年2月期间进行的常规和增测的探空测量,研究了南极东部德龙宁莫德海岸大气垂直剖面中的AR特征。影响Neumayer和Syowa区域的主要的AR事件导致穿过对流层中层和低空急流(LLJ)的相对湿度急剧增加。在Neumayer区域,在800–900 hPa之间观察到了水汽的峰值(最高4 g kg-1),而低空急流(最高32 m s-1)则集中在900 hPa以下。在Syowa,湿度的增加相对来说并不明显且在地表附近达到峰值,在825–925 hPa之间风速显著加强(最高40 m s-1)。AR期间垂直剖面内的水汽传输(MT)在两个区域均达到最大值100 g kg-1 m s-1,在Neumayer区域,ERA-Interim和ERA5再分析数据中都能很好地再现水汽传输的增强,在Syowa区域,再分析数据低估了水汽传输的强度。对2009–2019年期间强MT事件的合成分析表明,相对于温度,湿度,风速以及MT的中值情况,这些事件代表了对流层低层剖面的极端状态。高时间和垂直分辨率的探空观测对于了解这些罕见事件对南极洲总水汽输送的贡献以及改善其在模式中的表现具有非常重要的意义。
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Acknowledgments
This is a contribution to the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP), a flagship activity of the Polar Prediction Project (PPP) initiated by the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). We acknowledge the WMO WWRP for its role in coordinating this international research activity. We thank personnel and National Antarctic programs of Germany and Japan carrying out meteorological measurements at Neumayer and Syowa stations. We thank Steve COLWELL for providing the Antarctic YOPP radiosonde data archive. Special thanks to Kirstin WERNER, director of the International Coordination Office for Polar Prediction, Alfred WEGENER Institute, for her continuous support regarding YOPP activities. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and READY website (http:// www.ready.noaa.gov) used in this publication. I.V.G. thanks FCT/ MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/ 50017/2019) through national funds and FCT grant CIRCNA/CAC/ 0273/2019. NH thanks National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) Project Research No. KP302. The authors are grateful to the journal editorial team and two anonymous reviewers for their useful and constructive comments and suggestions.
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Article Highlights:
• Atmospheric river signatures are prominent in vertical profiles at the East Antarctic coast as shown by radiosonde observations and reanalysis data.
• Enhanced moisture transport is driven by the low-level jet and humidity maximum, which show decoupling at the Antarctic coast.
• ERA5 is better at representing atmospheric rivers compared to ERA-Interim at Neumayer, while both underestimate atmospheric-river moisture transport at Syowa.
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Gorodetskaya, I.V., Silva, T., Schmithüsen, H. et al. Atmospheric River Signatures in Radiosonde Profiles and Reanalyses at the Dronning Maud Land Coast, East Antarctica. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 37, 455–476 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9221-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9221-8