Abstract
The trace gases (O3, HCl, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2) in the stratosphere play an important role, not only in the photochemical processes in which the ozone layer destroyed, but also in the radiative processes. In this paper, we review the works on the distribution and variation of the trace gases in the stratosphere and their impact on climate, which have been carried out at the University of Science and Technology of China in the recent 20 years. The Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) data were used to analyse the distribution and variation of the mixing ratio of these trace gases and the temperature trends in the stratosphere in the most recent decade. And the reanalyzed National Centers of Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/NCAR data were also used to give the temperature trends and compared with the results from HALOE data. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study the impact of ozone depletion on the global climate. In this review, the distributions of the trace gases, especially those over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, are discussed, and the variations and trends for the trace gases in various levels in the stratosphere have been given for the most recent decade. The temperature variation and the cooling trend obtained from HALOE data in the middle and lower stratosphere for the last 13 years are significant, which agree well with the results from NCEP/NCAR data. While the temperature trend in the upper stratosphere in this period do not seem to have much cooling. The numerical simulations show that either the Antarctic ozone hole or the ozone valley over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau affect not only the temperature and circulation in the stratosphere, but also the temperature, pressure and wind fields in the troposphere, then lead to the global climate change.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, J., J. M. Russell, S. Solomon, and L. E. Deaver, 2000: Halogen Occultation Experiment confirmation of stratospheric chlorine decreases in accordance with the Montreal Protocol. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4483–4490.
Baldwin, M. P., and Coauthors, 2001: The quasi-biennial oscillation. Reviews of Geophysics, 39, 179–229.
Bi Xunqiang, 1993: IAP 9-L AGCM and its climatic numerical simulation, Ph. D. dissertation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 210pp. (in Chinese)
Bian Jianchun, Li Weiliang, and Zhou Xiuji, 1997: Analysis of the seasonal variation feature of the wind structure over Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. Atmospheric Ozone and Its Impact on Climate and Environment in China, Zhou Xiuji, Ed., Meteorological Press, Beijing, 257–273. (in Chinese)
Bhatt, P. P., E. E. Remsberg, L. L. Gordley, J. M. McInerney, V. G. Brackett, and J. M. Russell, 1999: An Evaluation of the Quality of Halogen Occultation Experiment Ozone Profiles in the lower Stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9261–9275.
Bruhl, C., and Coauthors, 1996: Halogen Occultation Experiment Ozone Channel Validation. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10217–10240.
Brune, W. H., J. G. Anderson, and K. R. Chan, 1989: In situ observations of ClO in the Antarctic: ER-2 aircraft results from 54°S to 72°S latitude. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16649–16663.
Cariolle, D., A. Lasserre-Bigorry, J. F. Royer, and J. F. Geleyn, 1990: A general circulation model simulation of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease and its impact on mid-latitudes. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1883–1898.
Chen Wen, and Huang Ronghui, 1996a: the numerical study of seasonal and interannual variabilities of ozone due to planetary wave transport in the middle atmosphere. Part I: The case of steady mean flows. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 20(5), 513–523.
Chen Wen, and Huang Ronghui, 1996b: A Numerical study of seasonal and interannual variabilities of ozone due to planetary wave transport in the middle atmosphere, Part II: The case of wave-flow interaction. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 20(6), 703–712.
Chen Wen, and Huang Ronghui, 1999: The modulation of planetary wave propagation by the tropical QBO zonal winds and the associated effects in the residual meridional circulation. Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 72(2), 187–204.
Chen Wen, and Huang Ronghui, 2002: The propagation and transport effect of planetary waves in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 15(2), 204–220.
Chen Yuejuan, and Bi Daohua, 1991: Numerical Experiment for the Ozone Heating on the Atmospheric General Circulation. Science in China (Series B), 35, 1224–1232.
Chen Yuejuan, and Shi Chunhua, 2005: Study on HCl distribution and its relation to ozone over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using HALOE data. Plateau Meteorology, 24(1), 1–8. (in Chinese)
Chen Yuejuan, Zhang Hong, and Bi Xunqiang, 1998: Numerical experiment for the impact of the ozone hole over antarctica on the global climate. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,, 15(3), 300–311.
Chen Yuejuan, Zhang Hong, and Bi Xunqiang, 1999: The influence of the Antarctic ozone hole on the Antarctic vortex-Simulated by IAP AGCM. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 23(4), 403–410.
Chen Yuejuan, Zheng Bin, and Zhang Hong, 2002: The features of ozone quasi-biennial oscillation in tropical stratosphere and its numerical simulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19(5), 777–793.
Chen Yuejuan, Bi Yun, Lin Jian, and Shi Chunhua, 2004: Stratospheric temperature trend and its relation to the tropospheric temperature change. The Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Chinese Meteorological Society in 2004, (I) Push on the innovation of Meteorological Science and Technology, Accelerate the development of the Meteorological Undertakings, 31–38. (in Chinese)
Chen Yuejuan, Shi Chunhua, and Zheng Bin, 2005: HCl quasi-biennial oscillation in the stratosphere and a comparison with ozone QBO. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 22(5), 751–758.
Chipperfield, M. P., and J. A. Pyle, 1988: Two-dimensional modelling of the Antarctic lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 875–878.
Chipperfield, M. P., L. J. Kinnersley, and J. Zawodny, 1994: A two-dimensional model study of the QBO signal in SAGE II NO2 and O3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 589–592.
Cordley, L. L., and Coauthors, 1996: Validation of Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen dioxide measurements made by Halogen occultation experiment from UARS platform. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 10241–10266.
Crutzen, P. J., J-U. Grooss, C. Bruhl, R. Muller, and J. M. Russell III, 1995: A reevaluation of the ozone budget with HALOE UARS data: No evidence for the ozone deficit. Science, 268, 705–708.
Dunkerton, T. J., 2001: Quasi-biennial and subbiennial variations of stratosphere trace constituents derived from HALOE observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 7–25.
Farman, J. C., B. G. Gardiner, and J. D. Shanklin, 1985: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx and NO Interaction. Nature, 315, 207–210.
Forster, P. M., and K. P. Shine, 1999: Stratospheric water vapour changes as a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3309–3312.
Funk, J. P., and G. L. Garnham, 1962: Australian ozone observations and a suggested 24 month cycle. Tellus, 14, 378–382.
Gray, L. J., and J. A. Pyle, 1989: A two-dimensional model of the Quasi-Biennial oscillation of ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 203–220.
Gray, L. J., and S. Ruth, 1993: The modeled latitudinal distribution of the ozone quasi-biennial oscillation using observed equatorial winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1033–1046.
Hartmann, D. L., and V. Limpasuvan, 2004: The stratosphere in the climate system. SPARC newsletter, 22, 15–18.
Harries J. E., and Coauthors, 1996: Validation of measurement of water vapor from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE). J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10205–10216.
Hasebe, F., 1983: Interannual variations of global ozone revealed from Nimbus 4 BUV and ground-based observations. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6819–6834.
Hasebe, F., 1994: Quasi-biennial oscillation of ozone and diabatic circulation in the equatorial stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 729–745.
Hess, P. G., and D. O’sullivian, 1995: A three-dimensional modeling study of the extratropical quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1539–1554.
IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). R. Hallgren, and B. Nyenzi, Eds., Cambridge University Press, UK, 146–147.
Isaksen, I. S. A., and F. Stordal, 1986: Antarctic ozone depletion—2-D model studies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1327–1330.
Jian Jun, Chen Yuejuan, Zheng Bing, and Wu Beiying, 2001: The characteristics of NOx vertical distribution in the middle atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 25(5), 697–706. (in Chinese)
Jones, D. B. A., H. R. Schneider, and M. B. McElroy, 1998: Effects of the quasi-biennial oscillation on the zonally averaged transport of tracers. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11235–11249.
Kiehl, J. T., B. A. Boville, and B. P. Brieglieb, 1988: Response of a general circulation model to a prescribed Antarctic ozone hole. Nature, 332, 501–504.
Kodera, K., and K. Yamazaki, 1994: A possible influence of resent polar stratospheric cooling on the troposphere in northern hemisphere winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 809–812.
Li Qing, Chen Yuejuan, Shi Chunhua, and Zhou Renjun, 2005: NOx Distribution over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its relationship with O3. Plateau Meteorology, 24(6), 935–940. (in Chinese)
Li Yanlong, Chen Zhaoyang, and Li Shuangke, 1997: Quasi-biennial oscillation of atmospheric ozone amount. Journal of Gansu University of Technology, 23(4), 96–101. (in Chinese)
Liang Xinzhong, 1996: Description of a nine-level grid point atmospheric general circulation model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 13, 269–298.
Liu Yu, and Li Weiliang, 2001: Deepening of ozone valley over Tibetan Plateau and its possible influences. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 59(1), 97–105. (in Chinese)
Lu Daren, and Wang Yingjian, 1994: Recent Advance of Middle Atmosphere Research in China. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 37, 74–84. (in Chinese)
Luo, M., J. M. Russell III, R. J. Cicerone, and L. L. Gordley, 1993: Analysis of selected nitric oxide observations in the lower thermosphere by HALOE on UARS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1307–1310.
Luo, M., J. M. Russell III, and T. Y. W. Huang, 1997: Halogen occultation experiment observations of the quasi-biennial oscillation and the effects of pinatubo aerosol in the tropical stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19187–19198.
Mahlman J. D., J. P. Pinto, and L. J. Umscheid, 1994: Transport, radiative, and dynamical effects of the Antarctic ozone Hole: A GFDL “SKYHI” model experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 489–508.
Park, J. H., and Coauthors, 1996: Validation of Halogen occultation experiment CH4 Measurement from UARS. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10183–10203.
Ramanathan, K. R., 1963: Bi-annual variation of atmospheric ozone over the tropics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 89, 540–542.
Ramaswamy, V., and Coauthors, 2001: Stratospheric tmperature trends: Observations and model simulations. Reviews of Geophysics, 39(1), 71–122.
Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W. J. Randel, B. D. Santer, B. J. Soden, and G. L. Stenchikov, 2005: Anthropogenic and natural influences in the evolution of lower stratospheric cooling. Science, 311, 1138–1141.
Randel, W. J., Wu Fei, J. M. Russell III, A. Roche, and J. W. Waters, 1998: Seasonal cycles and QBO variations in stratospheric CH4 and H2O observed in UARS HALOE data. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 163–185.
Remsberg, E. E., 1996: Estimates of the water vapor budget of the stratosphere from UARS HALOE data. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6749–6766.
Russell III, J. M., and Coauthors, 1993: The Halogen occultation experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10777–10797.
Russell III, J. M., and Coauthors, 1996a: Validation of Hydrogen Chloride measurements made by Halogen occultation experiment from UARS platform. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10151–10162.
Russell III, J. M., and Coauthors, 1996b: Validation of Hydrogen Fluoride measurements made by Halogen occultation experiment from UARS platform. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10163–10174.
Shi Chunhua, Chen Yuejuan, and Zheng Bin, 2003: Analysis of the distribution in HALOE HCl data in the stratosphere and its pelationship with ozone. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 33(6), 701–708. (in Chinese)
Schoeberl, M. R., M. Luo, and J. E. Rosenfield, 1995: An analysis of the Antarctic HALOE trace gas observations. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5159–5172.
Smith, C. A., J. D. Haigh, and R. Toumi, 2001: Radiative forcing due to trends in stratospheric water vapor. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 179–182.
Solomon, S., 1990: Antarctic ozone: Progress towards a quantitative understanding of Antarctic ozone depletion. Nature, 347, 347–354.
Solomon, S., G. H. Mount, R. W. Sanders, and A. L. Schemltekopf, 1987: Visible spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica 2, Observations of OCIO. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8329–8338.
Tuck, A. F., J. M. Russell III, S. J. Hovde, K. K. Kelly, C. R. Webster, and R. D. May, 1993: Intercomparison of HALOE and ER-2 aircraft data collected during the second airborne arctic stratospheric experiment (AASE-II). Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1243–1246.
Wang Yingjian, 1997: New Advances of middle and upper atmosphere research in China. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 40, 29–36. (in Chinese)
Webster, C. R., and Coauthors, 1994: Hydrochloric acid and the Chlorine budget of the lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2575–2578.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1982: The stratosphere 1981: Theory and Measurements. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, WMO Rep. 11, Geneva.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1990: Scientific assessment of stratospheric ozone: 1989. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, WMO Rep. 20, Geneva, Chapter 1, 37–134..
Yang, H., and K. K. Tung, 1995: On the phase propagation of extratropical ozone ouasi-biennial oscillation in observational data. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9091–9100.
Zhang Hong, Chen Yuejuan, and Bi XunQiang, 1999: A numerical study of the impact of Antarctic ozone hole on the global atmospheric radiative heating rate field. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 23(3), 340–348. (in Chinese)
Zhang Hong, Chen Yuejuan, and Wu Beiying, 2000: Impact of quasi-biennial oscillation on the distribution of the trace gases in the stratosphere. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 24(1), 103–110.
Zhang Xuehong, 1990: Dynamical framework of IAP nine-level atmospheric circulation model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 7, 66–67.
Zheng Bin, Chen Yuejuan, and Jian Jun, 2003a: Quasi-biennial oscillation in NOx and its relation to quasi-biennial oscillation in O3. Part I: Data analysis. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci. 27(3), 280–292.
Zheng Bin, Chen Yuejuan, and Zhang Hong, 2003b: Quasi-biennial oscillation in NOx and its relation to quasi-biennial oscillation in O3, Part II: Numerical experiment. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 27(4), 387–398.
Zhou Renjun, 2005: Ozone Variation over the Tibetan Plateau and its climatic effects. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Science and Technology of China, 132pp. (in Chinese)
Zhou Renjun, and Chen Yuejuan, 2005: Ozone variations over the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus and their relationship with the South Asia High. Journal of University of Sciences and Technology of China, 35, 899–908. (in Chinese)
Zhou Renjun, and Chen Yuejuan, 2006: Anomaly of the ozone low center over the Tibetan Plateau in 1998 and the surrounding flow field. Climatic and Environmental Research, 11(2), 169–174. (in Chinese)
Zhou Xiuji, and Luo Chao, 1994: Ozone valley over Tibetan Plateau. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 8(4), 505–506.
Zhou Xiuji, Li Weiliang, Chen Longxun, and Liu Yu, 2004: Study of ozone changge over Tibetan Plateau. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 62(5), 513–527. (in Chinese)
Zou Han, and Gao Yongqi, 1997: Verticla ozone profile over Tibet using Sage I and II data. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14(4), 505–512.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Y., Zhou, R., Shi, C. et al. Study on the trace species in the stratosphere and their impact on climate. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 23, 1020–1039 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-006-1020-3
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-006-1020-3