Abstract
We explored the activation of defense genes and the changes in volatile profiles in olive (Olea europaea var. Picual) plants subjected to mechanical wounding and prior soil inoculation with the fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum T22. Our findings indicate a sustained effect of the inoculant in olive plants, which shifted the constitutive volatile emission more significantly towards an aldehyde-dominated blend than the mechanical damage alone. Furthermore, we found that wounding alone did not alter the expression of hydroperoxide lyase genes associated with aldehyde biosynthesis. However, this expression was significantly enhanced when combined with prior T22 inoculation. Mechanical wounding amplified the plant’s immediate defensive response by enhancing the upregulation of the direct defense enzyme acetone cyanohydrin lyase. Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 also modulated direct defense, although to a lesser extent, and its effect persisted 9 months after inoculation. Metagenomic analyses revealed that aerial mechanical damage did influence specific root bacterial functions. Specifically, an upregulation of predicted bacterial functions related to various metabolic processes, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, was observed. On the contrary, T22’s impact on bacterial functional traits was minor and/or transient.
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Data availability
All raw Illumina sequence data were deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) service of the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (BioProject ID: PRJNA1076140).
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grant P20-00139 and the postdoctoral contract grant P12-AGR-1419 funded by Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, and by “ERDF A way of making Europe. We would like to thank Estefania Berrio from the Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, EEZ-CSIC, for her invaluable assistance with the qPCR analyses.
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Aguirrebengoa, M., Moreno, B., Alcalá-Herrera, R. et al. Modulation of volatile emissions in olive trees: sustained effect of Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 on induced plant defenses after simulated herbivory. Biol Fertil Soils (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01830-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01830-z