Abstract
Temperature and moisture effects on organic carbon (C) decomposition (i.e., CO2 and CH4 emissions) determine the feedback of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies to climate change. In the present study, soils from a long-term (initiated in 1981) fertilization experiment [unfertilized control, combined inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization (NPK), inorganic NPK plus organic manure (NPKM)] were incubated at 20 and 30 °C under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Relative to aerobic conditions, anaerobic conditions significantly reduced CO2 and total C release, but led to CH4 production. On average, the temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of CH4 production was 7.4 times greater than that of CO2 production. Under anaerobic conditions, the contribution rates of CH4 production to total C release significantly increased from an average of 2.4 % at 20 °C to 14.5 % at 30 °C, and to the global warming potential (GWP) from 18.1 to 59.9 %, respectively. Anaerobic conditions significantly reduced the Q 10 of CO2 and total C release, but increased that of GWP. Manure-amended soils showed higher CO2 and CH4 production on a per gram soil C basis and lower Q 10 of CO2 and total C production, but higher Q 10 of CH4 production than those of the control and NPK soils. Therefore, our results suggest that there are significant interactive effects of temperature, moisture, and fertilization regimes on SOC decomposition in the paddy soil.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banger K, Tian H, Lu C (2012) Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields? Glob Change Biol 18:3259–3267
Bi L, Zhang B, Liu G, Li Z, Liu Y, Ye C, Yu X, Lai T, Zhang J, Yin J, Liang Y (2009) Long-term effects of organic amendments on the rice yields for double rice cropping systems in subtropical China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 129:534–541
Billings SA, Iv FB (2013) How interactions between microbial resource demands, soil organic matter stoichiometry, and substrate reactivity determine the direction and magnitude of soil respiratory responses to warming. Glob Change Biol 19:90–102
Blagodatskaya Е, Zheng X, Blagodatsky S, Wiegl R, Dannenmann M, Butterbach-Bahl K (2014) Oxygen and substrate availability interactively control the temperature sensitivity of CO2 and N2O emission from soil. Biol Fertil Soils 50:775–783
Bodelier PLE, Roslev P, Henckel T, Frenzel P (2000) Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots. Nature 403:421–424
Brown KH, Bach E, Drijber R, Hofmockel K, Jeske E, Sawyer JE, Castellano MJ (2014) A long-term nitrogen fertilizer gradient has little effect on soil organic matter in a high-intensity maize production system. Glob Change Biol 20:1339–1350
Conant RT, Ryan MG, Ågren GI, Birge HE, Davidson EA, Eliasson PE, Evans SE, Frey SD, Giardina CP, Hopkins FM, Hyvönen R, Kirschbaum MU, Lavallee JM, Leifeld J, Parton WJ, Steinweg JM, Wallenstein MD, Wetterstedt JÅM, Bradford MA (2011) Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition rates - synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward. Glob Change Biol 17:3392–3404
Conrad R (2007) Microbial ecology of methanogens and methanotrophs. Adv Agron 96:1–63
Das S, Adhya TK (2012) Dynamics of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in tropical paddy soils as influenced by elevated CO2 and temperature interaction. Soil Biol Biochem 47:36–45
Davidson EA, Janssens IA (2006) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440:165–173
Davidson EA, Janssens IA, Luo Y (2006) On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q 10. Glob Change Biol 12:154–164
Dong W, Zhang X, Wang H, Dai X, Sun X, Qiu W, Yang F (2012) Effect of different fertilizer application on the soil fertility of paddy soils in red soil region of southern China. PLoS One 7, e44504
Duc NT, Crill P, Bastviken D (2010) Implications of temperature and sediment characteristics on methane formation and oxidation in lake sediments. Biogeochemistry 100:185–196
Elberling B, Michelsen A, Schädel C, Schuur EAG, Christiansen HH, Berg L, Tamstorf MP, Sigsgaard C (2013) Long-term CO2 production following permafrost thaw. Nat Clim Change 3:890–894
Fey A, Conrad R (2003) Effect of temperature on the rate limiting step in the methanogenic degradation pathway in rice field soil. Soil Biol Biochem 35:1–8
Haddix M, Plante AF, Contant RT, Six J, Steinweg JM, Magrini-Bair K, Drijber RA, Morris SJ, Paul EA (2011) The role of soil characteristics on temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:56–68
Hamdi S, Moyano F, Sall S, Bernoux M, Chevallier T (2013) Synthesis analysis of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration from laboratory studies in relation to incubation methods and soil conditions. Soil Biol Biochem 58:115–126
Hassan W, Bano R, Khatak BU, Hussain I, Yousaf M, David J (2015) Temperature sensitivity and soil organic carbon pools decomposition under different moisture regimes: effect on total microbial and enzymatic activity. Clean - Soil Air Water 43:391–398
Huang S, Sun Y, Zhang W (2012) Changes in soil organic carbon stocks as affected by cropping systems and cropping duration in China’s paddy fields: a meta-analysis. Clim Change 112:847–858
Huang S, Pan X, Guo J, Qian C, Zhang W (2014) Differences in soil organic carbon stocks and fraction distributions between rice paddies and upland cropping systems in China. J Soils Sediments 14:89–98
Inglett KS, Inglett PW, Reddy KR, Osborne TZ (2012) Temperature sensitivity of greenhouse gas production in wetland soils of different vegetation. Biogeochemistry 108:77–90
IPCC (2013) Summary for policymakers. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 4–23
IUSS (2006) World group, WRB. World reference base for soil resources 2006. World soil resources reports No. 103. FAO, Rome
Jia X, Shao MA, Wei X, Li X (2014) Response of soil CO2 efflux to water addition in temperate semiarid grassland in northern China: the importance of water availability and species composition. Biol Fertil Soils 50:839–850
Karhu K, Fritze H, Hämäläinen K, Vanhala P, Jungner H, Oinonen M, Sonninen E, Tuomi M, Spetz P, Kitunen V, Liski J (2010) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon fractions in boreal forest soil. Ecology 91:370–376
Khan SA, Mulvaney RL, Ellsworth TR, Boast CW (2007) The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration. J Environ Qual 36:1821–1832
Ladha JK, Reddy CK, Padre AT, van Kessel C (2011) Role of nitrogen fertilization in sustaining organic matter in cultivated soils. J Environ Qual 40:1756–1766
Lal R (2010) Managing soils and ecosystems for mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions and advancing global food security. Bioscience 60:708–721
Leifeld J, von Lützow M (2014) Chemical and microbial activation energies of soil organic matter decomposition. Biol Fertil Soils 50:147–153
Liu Y, Zhang B, Li C, Hu F, Velde B (2008) Long-term fertilization influences on clay mineral composition and ammonium adsorption in a rice paddy soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72:1580–1590
Lu M, Zhou X, Luo Y, Yang Y, Fang C, Chen J, Li B (2011) Minor stimulation of soil carbon storage by nitrogen addition: a meta-analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 140:234–244
Lu Y, Fu L, Lu Y, Hugenholtz F, Ma K (2015) Effect of temperature on the structure and activity of a methanogenic archaeal community during rice straw decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 81:17–27
Maillard É, Angers DA (2014) Animal manure application and soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 20:666–679
Menichetti L, Reyes Ortigoza AL, García N, Giagnoni L, Nannipieri P, Renella G (2015) Thermal sensitivity of enzyme activity in tropical soils assessed by the Q10 and equilibrium model. Biol Fertil Soils 51:299–310
Minasny B, McBratney AB, Hong SY, Sulaeman Y, Kim MS, Zhang YS, Kim YH, Han KH (2012) Continuous rice cropping has been sequestering carbon in soils in Java and South Korea for the past 30 years. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 26, GB3027. doi:10.1029/2012GB004406
Mohanty S, Nayak AK, Kumar A, Tripathi R, Shahid M, Bhattacharyya P, Raja R, Panda BB (2013) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil of rice-rice system under long term application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure. Eur J Soil Biol 58:113–121
Moyano FE, Manzoni S, Chenu C (2013) Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to moisture availability: an exploration of processes and models. Soil Biol Biochem 59:72–85
Noll M, Klose M, Conrad R (2010) Effect of temperature change on the composition of the bacterial and archaeal community potentially involved in the turnover of acetate and propionate in methanogenic rice field soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 73:215–225
Pan G, Xu X, Smith P, Pan W, Lal R (2010) An increase in topsoil SOC stock of China’s croplands between 1985 and 2006 revealed by soil monitoring. Agric Ecosyst Environ 136:133–138
Plante AF, Fernández JM, Haddix ML, Haddix ML, Steinweg JM, Conant RT (2011) Biological, chemical and thermal indices of soil organic matter stability in four grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 43:1051–1058
Qin Z, Huang Y, Zhuang Q (2013) Soil organic carbon sequestration potential of cropland in China. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 27:711–722
Scharlemann JPW, Tanner EVJ, Hiederer R, Kapos V (2014) Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Carbon Manage 5:81–91
Sun Y, Huang S, Yu X, Zhang W (2013) Stability and saturation of soil organic carbon in rice fields: evidence from a long-term fertilization experiment in subtropical China. J Soils Sediments 13:1327–1334
Sun Y, Huang S, Yu X, Zhang W (2015) Differences in fertilization impacts on organic carbon content and stability in a paddy and an upland soil in subtropical China. Plant Soil. doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2611-5 (online first)
Suseela V, Conant RT, Wallenstein MD, Dukes JS (2012) Effects of soil moisture on the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration vary seasonally in an old-field climate change experiment. Glob Change Biol 18:336–348
Treat CC, Wollheim WM, Varner RK, Grandy AS, Talbot J, Frolking S (2014) Temperature and peat type control CO2 and CH4 production in Alaskan permafrost peats. Glob Change Biol 20:2674–2686
von Lützow M, Kögel-Knabner I (2009) Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition-what do we know? Biol Fertil Soils 46:1–15
Xie BH, Zheng XH, Zhou ZX, Zhu B, Chen X, Shi Y, Wang YY, Zhao ZC, Liu CY, Yao ZS, Zhu JG (2010) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on CH4 emission from rice fields: multi-site field observations. Plant Soil 326:393–401
Xue Y, Duan H, Liu L, Wang Z, Yang J, Zhang J (2013) An improved crop management increases grain yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency in rice. Crop Sci 53:271–284
Yan X, Akiyama H, Yagi K, Akimoto H (2009) Global estimations of the inventory and mitigation potential of methane emissions from rice cultivation conducted using the 2006 intergovernmental panel on climate change guidelines. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 23, GB2002. doi:10.1029/2008GB003299
Yan X, Zhou H, Zhu Q, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yu X, Peng X (2013) Carbon sequestration efficiency in paddy soil and upland soil under long-term fertilization in southern China. Soil Tillage Res 130:42–51
Yu H, Ding W, Luo J, Geng R, Ghani A, Cai Z (2012) Effects of long-term compost and fertilizer application on stability of aggregate-associated organic carbon in an intensively cultivated sandy loam soil. Biol Fertil Soils 48:325–336
Zheng J, Zhang X, Li L, Zhang P, Pan G (2007) Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil. Agric Ecosyst Environ 120:129–138
Zheng J, Li L, Pan G, Zhang X, Smith P, Hussain Q (2012) Potential aerobic C mineralization of a red earth paddy soil and its temperature dependence under long-term fertilizer treatments. Soil Use Manage 28:185–193
Zhou P, Li Y, Ren X, Xiao H, Tong C, Ge T, Brookes PC, Shen J, Wu J (2014) Organic carbon mineralization responses to temperature increases in subtropical paddy soils. J Soils Sediments 14:1–9
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31460336), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201503122, 201503118), the Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20151BBF60082), and the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, S., Sun, Y., Yu, X. et al. Interactive effects of temperature and moisture on CO2 and CH4 production in a paddy soil under long-term different fertilization regimes. Biol Fertil Soils 52, 285–294 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-015-1075-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-015-1075-3