Abstract
Based on 3D and 2D high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection data in the Western High-Sea of Marmara, this study reviews shallow gas occurrence and related structures and classifies gas conduit systems within the upper, few hundred meter-thick sediment layers below the seafloor. Acoustic anomalies including high amplitude-reverse polarity reflections (bright spots), low amplitude transparent zones, chaotic or discontinuous reflections, pull-down effects, and plumes in the water column are interpreted in terms of natural gas occurrence and fluid flow structures (e.g., mud volcanoes, pockmarks). The gas occurrence is thought to be mostly of thermogenic origin. Mud volcanoes are one of the primary gas conduits forming craters on the seabed due to overpressure of fluidized gassy sediment flows. Following the reach of the Northern Branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF-N) to the Western High, the thermogenic fluids are believed to migrate vertically and horizontally to shallow depths mainly through the faults. Natural gas most probably originates from the Thrace Basin Eocene source rock or the Eocene-Oligocene reservoir rock, which extends below the Western High. Shallow gas is distributed by minor faults and gas pipes. Gas, to some extent, emanates from the seafloor via pockmarks and mud volcanoes or is trapped by the crests of the anticlines coinciding with erosional surfaces, impermeable sediments, and gas hydrate-bearing layers. Shallow traps below the tectonized “Western High” structure are likely located in thin layers of sands imbedded with impermeable silty clay layers. However, there is no shallow reservoir in the usual sense within the upper layers imaged by the 3D seismic data (< 300 ms two-way travel time). The existence of gas is an indicator of hydrocarbon-rich layers at depth and of active tectonics, and it also impacts the global climate and marine life conditions.
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Change history
20 October 2018
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The affiliation of Pierre Henry should have been the following: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France. This correction was requested by Aix-Marseille University.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to the Captain and crew of R/V Le Suroît (IFREMER- 3D seismic) and R/V K.Piri Reis (D.E.U- 2D seismic). We also thank the Genavir seismic team for support in both surveys. The support of the Turkish coast guards of the Sea of Marmara was also very valuable. We would like to thank Livio Ruffine and Stéphanie Dupré for fruitful exchanges. We are also grateful to Alison Chalm for the final language editing of the paper. Data were gathered thanks to the Scientific team of the IFREMER and to the Seislab team of the Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology - Dokuz Eylül University (Izmir). The Marmesonet and PirMarmara cruises were supported by ESONET NoE, Network of Excellence, coordinated by IFREMER, D.E.U, I.T.U and co-funded by EU, Project No. 036851 (2009 and 2010).
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Appendix: Scientific cruises in the Sea of Marmara
Appendix: Scientific cruises in the Sea of Marmara
Meteor Cruise 1999, MARM2000, MARM2001, MARMACORE 2001, MARMARASCARPS 2002, MARMARA-VT 2004, MARNAUT 2007, TAMAM 2008, Marmara 2009, MARMESONET 2009, PirMarmara 2010, Marmara 2010, SoMAR 2013, Marsite 2014.
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Sarıtaş, H., Çifçi, G., Géli, L. et al. Gas occurrence and shallow conduit systems in the Western Sea of Marmara: a review and new acoustic evidence. Geo-Mar Lett 38, 385–402 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-018-0547-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-018-0547-5