Abstract
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence methods, in particular in their Inhibited version (I-PLIF) are powerful tools to measure local scalar values in various types of flows. The most commonly used LIF methods are intensity-based: Scalar value is extracted from fluoresced light intensity information. However such methods are prone to error when used in challenging configurations (multiphase flows, non-optically-thin systems, etc). In this short paper, the systematic error on concentration measurement in a dissolved gas boundary layer caused by scalar dependency of the extinction coefficient is discussed, in the context of a non-optically thin system with significant out-of-field absorption. Results of single color \(I_{pH}-PLIF\) measurements are compared to \(I_{pH}^r-PLIF\) (ratiometric) measurements for which the out-of-field absorption is intrinsically accounted for. An empirical correction based on first order concentration statistics derived from ratiometric measurements is proposed. It is used to demonstrate that the oversight of out-of-field absorption in intensity-based methods can lead to significant error on the scalar measurements inside the boundary layer.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data can be accessed by request to the corresponding author.
References
Asher WE, Pankow JF (1986) The interaction of mechanically generated turbulence and interfacial films with a liquid phase controlled gas/liquid transport process. Tellus B 38B(5):305–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00256.x
Bouche E, Cazin S, Roig V, Risso F (2013) Mixing in a swarm of bubbles rising in a confined cell measured by mean of PLIF with two different dyes. Exp Fluids 54(6):1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-013-1552-0
Butler C, Cid E, Billet AM (2016) Modelling of mass transfer in Taylor flow: investigation with the PLIF-I technique. Chem Eng Res Des 115(Part B):292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.09.001
Chaze W, Caballina O, Castanet G, Lemoine F (2016) The saturation of the fluorescence and its consequences for laser-induced fluorescence thermometry in liquid flows. Exp Fluids 57(4):58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2142-8
Coppeta J, Rogers C (1998) Dual emission laser induced fluorescence for direct planar scalar behavior measurements. Exp Fluids 25(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050202
Jimenez M, Dietrich N, Grace JR, Hébrard G (2014) Oxygen mass transfer and hydrodynamic behaviour in wastewater: determination of local impact of surfactants by visualization techniques. Water Res 58:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.065
Klonis N, Sawyer WH (1996) Spectral properties of the prototropic forms of fluorescein in aqueous solution. J Fluoresc 6(3):147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00732054
Kong G, Buist KA, Peters EAJF, Kuipers JAM (2018) Dual emission LIF technique for pH and concentration field measurement around a rising bubble. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 93:186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.12.032
Lacassagne T (2018) Oscillating grid turbulence and its influence on gas liquid mass transfer and mixing in non-Newtonian media. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lyon, INSA Lyon
Lacassagne T, EL Hajem M, Champagne JY, Simoëns S (2022) Turbulent mass transfer near gas-liquid interfaces in water and shear-thinning dilute polymer solution. Int J Heat Mass Transf 194:122975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122975
Lacassagne T, Simoëns S, Hajem ME, Champagne JY (2018) Ratiometric, single-dye, pH-sensitive inhibited laser-induced fluorescence for the characterization of mixing and mass transfer. Exp Fluids 59(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-017-2475-y
Mishra YN, Yoganantham A, Koegl M, Zigan L (2019) Investigation of five organic dyes in ethanol and butanol for two-color laser-induced fluorescence ratio thermometry. Optics 1(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010001
Papanicolaou PN, List EJ (1988) Investigations of round vertical turbulent buoyant jets. J Fluid Mech 195:341–391. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112088002447
Valiorgue P, Souzy N, EL Hajem M, Hadid HB, Simoëns S (2013) Concentration measurement in the wake of a free rising bubble using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) with a calibration taking into account fluorescence extinction variations. Exp Fluids 54(4):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-013-1501-y
Variano EA, Cowen EA (2013) Turbulent transport of a high-Schmidt-number scalar near an air-water interface. J Fluid Mech 731:259–287. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.273
Xu F, Hébrard G, Dietrich N (2020) Comparison of three different techniques for gas-liquid mass transfer visualization. Int J Heat Mass Transf 150:119261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119261
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TL designed the experiment, performed the measurement, analyzed and interpreted the data, prepared the original manuscript. SS and MEH analyzed and interpreted the data and proof-read the manuscript. JYC secured the funding.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lacassagne, T., EL Hajem, M., Champagne, JY. et al. Systematic error and correction of intensity-based I-PLIF for local pH and concentration measurements in unsteady boundary layers. Exp Fluids 64, 184 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03726-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03726-4