Abstract
Measurement of liquid temperature in single or multiphase systems is a topic of high interest for fluid mechanics in order to have a better understanding of heat exchange and phase changes in many physical problems as well as for improving industrial processes. Laser-induced fluorescence thermometry is a powerful tool to investigate liquid temperature in permanent or transient conditions due to the fast fluorescence response of the technique. By diluting a fluorescent dye sensible to temperature in a liquid and after laser excitation of this solution at a specific and known wavelength, fluorescence is emitted by the dye almost instantaneously and could be isolated as a function of the temperature of the dye thanks to a ratiometric method. In this work, two fluoresceins commonly used as fluorescent dyes were spectrally studied in water at excitation wavelengths of 473 and 532 nm. Fluorescein Disodium and Fluorescein 27 were chosen as they present positive and high-temperature sensitivities as well as low toxicity. Also, systematic calibrations between − 10 and 80 °C under liquid state are reported for aqueous solutions. Results are compared to available data from the literature, and temperature sensitivity is discussed in relation with pH, excitation wavelength and temperature range in order to extend the knowledge on the topic and for clarification regarding some confusion found in the literature. Finally, we proposed an improvement of a method analyzing the sensitivity as a function of the wavelength for a better approach in the process of selecting spectral bands for LIF-T applications. Following this method, two examples of practical application are given for dye and spectral band selection depending on the constraints of experimental measurement.
Graphic Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Raw data are available from the corresponding author (L. Perrin) upon request.
References
Ayela F, Cherief W, Colombet D et al (2017) Hydrodynamic cavitation through “labs on a chip”: from fundamentals to applications. Oil Gas Sci Technol Rev IFP Energies Nouvelles 72:19. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2017010
Baruah M, Qin W, Flors C et al (2006) Solvent and pH dependent fluorescent properties of a dimethylaminostyryl borondipyrromethene dye in solution. J Phys Chem A 110:5998–6009. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054878u
Chaze W, Caballina O, Castanet G, Lemoine F (2016) The saturation of the fluorescence and its consequences for laser-induced fluorescence thermometry in liquid flows. Exp Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2142-8
Chaze W, Caballina O, Castanet G, Lemoine F (2017) Spatially and temporally resolved measurements of the temperature inside droplets impinging on a hot solid surface. Exp Fluids 58:96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-017-2375-1
Chaze W (2017) Transferts de chaleur et de masse lors de l’impact d’une goutte sur une paroi chaude en régime d’ébullition en film–application de diagnostics optiques et modélisation. Université de Lorraine
Chen X, Pradhan T, Wang F et al (2012) Fluorescent chemosensors based on spiroring-opening of xanthenes and related derivatives. Chem Rev 112:1910–1956. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200201z
Coppeta J, Rogers C (1998) Dual emission laser induced fluorescence for direct planar scalar behavior measurements. Exp Fluids 25:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050202
Demchenko AP (2020) Photobleaching of organic fluorophores: quantitative characterization, mechanisms, protection. Methods Appl Fluoresc 8:022001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/ab7365
Doughty MJ (2010) pH dependent spectral properties of sodium fluorescein ophthalmic solutions revisited. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 30:167–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00703.x
Dunand P, Castanet G, Lemoine F (2012) A two-color planar LIF technique to map the temperature of droplets impinging onto a heated wall. Exp Fluids 52:843–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-011-1131-1
Estrada-Pérez CE, Hassan YA, Tan S (2011) Experimental characterization of temperature sensitive dyes for laser induced fluorescence thermometry. Rev Sci Instrum. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3590929
Ewinger A, Rinke G, Urban A, Kerschbaum S (2013) In situ measurement of the temperature of water in microchannels using laser Raman spectroscopy. Chem Eng J 223:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.076
Hishida K, Ichiyanagi M, Kazoe Y, Sato Y (2014) Combined laser-based measurements for micro- and nanoscale transport phenomena. Heat Transf Eng 35:125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2013.812481
Ichiyanagi M, Sato Y, Hishida K (2007) Optically sliced measurement of velocity and pH distribution in microchannel. Exp Fluids 43:425–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-0326-y
Ichiyanagi M, Sasaki S, Sato Y, Hishida K (2009) Micro-PIV/LIF measurements on electrokinetically-driven flow in surface modified microchannels. J Micromech Microeng 19:045021. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/19/4/045021
Ichiyanagi M, Sakai K, Kidani S et al (2012a) Evaluation methodology of gas permeable characterization in a polymer-based microfluidic device by confocal fluorescence imaging. J Micromech Microeng 22:065023. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/22/6/065023
Ichiyanagi M, Tsutsui I, Kakinuma Y et al (2012b) Three-dimensional measurement of gas dissolution process in gas–liquid microchannel flow. Int J Heat Mass Transf 55:2872–2878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.02.009
Kim M, Yoda M (2010) Dual-tracer fluorescence thermometry measurements in a heated channel. Exp Fluids 49:257–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0853-9
Lavieille P, Lemoine F, Lavergne G, Lebouché M (2001) Evaporating and combusting droplet temperature measurements using two-color laser-induced fluorescence. Exp Fluids 31:45–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480000257
Lemoine F, Antoine Y, Wolff M, Lebouche M (1999) Simultaneous temperature and 2D velocity measurements in a turbulent heated jet using combined laser-induced fluorescence and LDA. Exp Fluids 26:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050294
Leonhardt H, Gordon L, Livingston R (1971) Acid-base equilibria of fluorescein and 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein in their ground and fluorescent states. J Phys Chem 75:245–249. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100672a011
Okabe K, Inada N, Gota C et al (2012) Intracellular temperature mapping with a fluorescent polymeric thermometer and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Nat Commun 3:705. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1714
Panchompoo J, Aldous L, Baker M et al (2012) One-step synthesis of fluorescein modified nano-carbon for Pd(ii) detection via fluorescence quenching. Analyst 137:2054–2062. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an16261j
Perrin L, Castanet G, Lemoine F (2015) Characterization of the evaporation of interacting droplets using combined optical techniques. Exp Fluids 56:29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-1900-3
Podbevsek D (2019) Optical probing of thermodynamic parameters and radical production in cavitating micro-flows. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
Ramzay JA (1949) A new method of freezing point determination for small quantities. J Exp Biol 26:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.26.1.57
Shafii MB, Lum CL, Koochesfahani MM (2010) In situ LIF temperature measurements in aqueous ammonium chloride solution during uni-directional solidification. Exp Fluids 48:651–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0758-7
Silva DL, Coutinho K, Canuto S (2010) Electronic spectroscopy of biomolecules in solution: fluorescein dianion in water. Mol Phys 108:3125–3130
Sjöback R, Nygren J, Kubista M (1995) Absorption and fluorescence properties of fluorescein. Spectrochim Acta Part A 51:L7–L21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(95)01421-P
Stiti M, Labergue A, Lemoine F et al (2019) Temperature measurement and state determination of supercooled droplets using laser-induced fluorescence. Exp Fluids 60:69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-018-2672-3
Sutton JA, Fisher BT, Fleming JW (2008) A laser-induced fluorescence measurement for aqueous fluid flows with improved temperature sensitivity. Exp Fluids 45:869–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-008-0506-4
Walker DA (1987) A fluorescence technique for measurement of concentration in mixing liquids. J Phys E Sci Instrum 20:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/2/019
Wang M, Stiti M, Chaynes H et al (2022) Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging applied to the mixing of two non-isothermal sprays: temperature and mixing fraction measurements. Exp Fluids 63:172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-022-03515-5
Wu Y, Crua C, Li H et al (2018) Simultaneous measurement of monocomponent droplet temperature/refractive index, size and evaporation rate with phase rainbow refractometry. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 214:146–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.04.034
Funding
Financial support by the “Agence Nationale de la Recherche” and the “Délégation Générale de l'Armement” (ANR-18-ASTR-0017, project SUPERCAV) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GL initiated and supervised the work. LP and GL contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation was performed by LP and GL. Data collection was performed by LP, and analysis was performed by LP and GL. The manuscript and all figures were prepared by LP. LP and GL reviewed and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Perrin, L., Ledoux, G. Spectral characterization of fluorescein species in aqueous solution for laser-induced fluorescence thermometry. Exp Fluids 64, 117 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03632-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03632-9